A Presentation by:

•Aakriti Batra (2)

•Abhishek Bhasin (3)
•Ankit Sharma (20)
•Arjit Sharma (34)
•Arpit Bakshi (36)

GROUP NO: 7
 Before understanding UNIX me must understand: What is
operating system first

 An operating system is a program which controls all the parts

of a computer system, both the hardware and the software. It
allocates the computer resources and schedule tasks

 There are variety of operating systems available in computer

market, such as Microsoft MS-DOS, Windows, and Windows
NT, IBM OS/2, UNIX, the Apple Macintosh Operating
System, and many other popular operating systems
 UNIX is a popular time-sharing operating system originally intended
for:
 program development

 document preparation

 but later widely accepted for a number of implementations

 UNIX is a multi-user operating system that is found everywhere

today , with no indication of any diminishment in the near future

 UNIX is considered the most stable and the most secure operating
system on the market, four decades after its appearance
 UNIX, like any other operating system, is an
integrated collection of programs that act as links
between the computer system and its users,
providing three primary functions:

1.Creating and managing a filesystem (sets of files

stored in hierarchical-structured directories)
2.Running programs
3. Using system devices attached to the computer
  Ken Thompson of the Research Group at AT & T
Bell Laboratories, later joined by Dennis Ritchie, in
the late 1960s developed the first version of UNIX

 Derived from MULTICS (1969) i.e., Multiplexed

Ken Thompson Information and Computing Service-
• It is a mainframe timesharing operating system
begun in 1965 and still in use today

• MULTICS began as a research project and was an

important influence on operating system
development
Dennis Ritchie
• The system became a commercial product sold by
Honeywell to education, government, and industry
 Sun Microsystems (SunOS/Solaris)

 IBM (AIX)

 Hewlett Packard (HPUX)

 Santa Cruz Organisation (SCO)

 Silicon Graphics Inc. (IRIX)

 RedHat (Linux)
UNIX is a:
 Multi user operating system, i.e. more than one user can use the
machine at a time supported via terminals (serial or network
connection)

Multi

 Multi tasking operating system, i.e., more

than one program can be run at a time,
Multiple users may have multiple tasks
running simultaneously
 Machine independent operating system .
Not specific to just one type of computer hardware. The System hides
the machine architecture from the user, making
it easier to write applications that can run on micros, mini and
mainframes

 Portability:
The system is written in high-level language making it easier to read,
understand, change and, therefore move to other machines. The code can
be changed and complied on a new machine. Customers can then choose
from a wide variety of hardware vendors without being locked in with a
particular vendor.
 The Unix operating system is made of three
parts:

1. The Kernel
2. The Shell
3. The Programs and Utilities
 The KERNEL of UNIX is a hub of the operating
system :

 it allocates time and memory to programs and

 handles the file store
 communication in response to system.
 Enforces security mechanisms
 performs all hardware access
 The SHELL acts as an interface between the users and
kernel
 When a users logs in, the login program checks the
username and password and the starts another program
called shell
 The shell is a command line interpreter(CLI)
 It interprets the commands the user types in and arranges
for them to be carried out
 The command are themselves programs: when they
terminate, the shell gives the user another prompt (% on
our program)
 The system utilities are designed to be powerful tools that do a single task
extremely well (e.g. grep finds text inside files while wc counts the
number of words, lines and bytes inside a file)

 System utilities also include server programs called daemons which

provide remote network and administration services (e.g. telnetd and sshd
provide remote login facilities, lpd provides printing services, httpd serves
web pages, crond runs regular system administration tasks automatically

 file management (rm, cat, ls, rmdir, mkdir)

 user management (passwd, chmod, chgrp)
 process management (kill, ps)
 UNIX’s hierarchical file system helps facilitate the sharing and
cooperation among users that is so desirable in program-
development environment
 UNIX uses a hierarchy to store files
 Files are simply a named
collection of bytes
 Directories contain other files
Juliana

Project

File1 File3
File2
 A path is a description of how to find something in a file system
 An absolute path describes a location from the root directory down

 Equivalent to a street address

 Always starts with "/"

 /home/hpotter is Harry Potter's home directory

 /courses/swc/wlec/shell.html is this file

 A relative path describes how to find something from some other

location
 Equivalent to saying, "Four blocks north, and seven east"

 From /courses/swc, the relative path to this file is

wlec/shell.html
 There are many ways that we can access a UNIX system
 The main mode of access to a UNIX machine is through a
terminal which usually includes a keyboard and a video
monitor
 For each terminal connected to the UNIX system, the kernel
runs a process “tty” that accepts input from the terminal
,and sends output
 Tty processors are general programs, and must be told the
capabilities of the terminal in order to correctly read them
and write to, the terminal
 The name of the program comes from teletypewriter,
abbreviated "TTY"
 When you connect to a UNIX computer remotely (using telnet) or
when you log in locally using a text-only terminal, you will see
the prompt:
login:
 At this prompt, type in your username and press the enter/return/
key.
 Remember that UNIX is case sensitive (i.e. Will, WILL and will
are all different logins). You should then be prompted for your
password:
 Type your password in at the prompt and press the
enter/return/ key. Note that your password will not be
displayed on the screen as you type it in
 If you mistype your username or password you will
get an appropriate message from the computer and
you will be presented with the login: prompt again.
Otherwise you should be presented with a shell
prompt which looks something like this:
$
 To log out of a text-based UNIX shell, type "exit" at
the shell prompt (or if that doesn't work try "logout";
if that doesn't work press ctrl-d)
 A UNIX command line consists of the name of a
UNIX command (actually the "command" is the
name of a built-in shell command, a system
utility or an application program) followed by its
"arguments" (options and the target filenames
and/or expressions). The general syntax for a
UNIX command is :
$ command -options targets
  When you type a command like ls, the OS:
 Reads characters from the keyboard
 Passes them to the shell (because it's the currently active window)

The shell:
Breaks the line of text it receives into words
+ Looks for a program with the same name as the first word
+ Runs that program
 That program's output goes back to the shell...
 ...which gives it to the OS...
 ...which displays it on the screen
 (Actually, the OS hands it to the window manager, which takes care of the display)
 All well-designed software systems work this way
 Break the task down into pieces
 Write a tool that solves each sub-problem
 Allows you to:
 Develop and test components independently
 Replace or re-use components incrementally
 Add new components as you go along
Unix is:
 more flexible and can be installed on many different types of machines,
including main-frame computers, supercomputers and micro-computers

 more stable and does not go down as often as Windows does, therefore
requires less administration and maintenance

 greater built-in security and permissions features than Windows.

 Available on a wide variety of machines - the most truly portable

operating system
SOFTWARE
 While Unix and Unix-like systems have various programs available
for everyday tasks, including image editing or word processing,
very few high-profile software companies, such as Microsoft and
Adobe, offer Unix-compatible software

HARDWARE
 Unix do not necessarily support the same hardware as other
operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X.
Whether due to the hardware vendor's unwillingness to release Unix
drivers for the hardware or because their systems simply do not
support it yet, Unix may not work on the same hardware
configuration as a Windows or OS X system might.
 SUPPORT
 Although extensive online support is available for Unix,
professional offline support is not as extensive as Windows or
OS X

INTERFACE
 The traditional interface for the Unix operating system is
command line based, and this command line shell interface may
be hostile to the casual user. Unix was developed for use by
programmers and serious computer users rather than casual
users. A graphical user interface (GUI) is also available, but the
traditional Unix interface is command line
 COST : The big difference between UNIX and Window is cost. Unix
is free source code which we can download from internet but for
window’s we have to pay Mr. Gates

 RELIABILITY : UNIX is more reliable than Windows, and less

administration and maintenance is needed in maintaining a UNIX
system. This is a huge cost saver for any organization

 SAFETY : Unix is safe, preventing one program from accessing

memory or storage space allocated to another, and enables protection,
requiring users to have permission to perform certain functions, i.e.
accessing a directory, file, or disk drive. Also, UNIX is more secure
than Windows on a network because Windows is more vulnerable
than UNIX. For example, if you leave a port open in Windows it can
be easily used by a hacker to introduce a virus in your environment
Both UNIX aka Unixplexed information computing system and
windows are same in some ways:

 We can download both windows and unix as client as well as server

that provide services to files serving to other clients in network. In other
words, server client relationship

 Both unix and windows can perform multitasking

 Both provide management of your process through a GUI( graphical

user interface). Both unix and windows can provide a full suite of
networking tools and application to allow connection to other machine
and software to allow sharing of files across the network

Both unix and windows have strong built-in security features that
keep unwanted intruders out
One argument to be made about UNIX is its lack of standardization.
Some feel there are too many choices to be made regarding which GUI
to use, or which combination of UNIX hardware and software to
support

UNIX operating systems make great high-performance servers, but

for end-users, every application on each arrangement of UNIX
platform requires a different set, and each application has a different
user interface

Microsoft has "the" Windows operating system; there simply isn't

one standardized UNIX operating system, or for that matter, a single
standardized UNIX GUI. One could argue and say this is a downfall for
UNIX, but on the other hand, these variations add flavor and versatility
to a solid, reliable operating system