Flower

• Sexual reproductive organ in plants

• Produces gametes (egg and sperm)
• Fertilization takes place inside the flower
Female Male
reproductive reproductive
organ organ

Pistil
*Stigma –top of the pistil,
Stamen
Sticky surface for pollen to *Anther – produces sperm
stick to nuclei by meiosis. Sperm
*Style – connects the stigma to nuclei are enclosed by
the ovary pollen grains.
*Ovary –contains ovules *Filament – holds the anther
( eggs) up
 Pollination
• Transfer of mature pollen grains from the
anther to the stigma
-wind
-insects
-birds & other animals
 Important (endangered?) Pollinators
• Bees • Green bottle flies
• Butterflies
• Moths
• Bactrocera fruit flies
• Wasps • Bats
• Bombyliid flies • Birds
• syrphid flies – Hummingbirds
• Beetles – Honeyeaters
• Midges
– Sunbirds
• Ants
• monkeys, lemurs,
possums, rodents
and lizards
 What happens after pollination?
• After the landing of pollen
grains on the stigma:
• Formation and growth of
pollen tube take place-
pollen germination
• Pollen tube growth down
through stigma and style
finally reaches the ovary
• Enters ovule
• In sexual reproduction the nucleus of a male
gamete and nucleus of a female gamete join
together. This is called fertilization
• When the nuclei of the two gametes have
joined together, they form a new cell that
called zygote
 After fertilization
• Ovule develop in to seed
• Ovary develop in to fruit
 Fertilization
• Inside the ovule fertilization is
takes place
• In the ovule pollen tube
discharges two sperms
• One of the sperms fuses with
the egg and form zygote
• Other fuses with secondary
nucleus for primary
endosperm nucleus
FRUIT
 From ovary to fruit
• The ovary of the flower
contains the ovules.
• As fertilized ovules
develop into seeds, the
ovary wall develops into
the fruit.
• In science, the term
“fruit” refers to a mature
ovary that contains seeds.
Fruit anatomy
 Types of dry fruits
Capsule
(Poppy)

Legume
(Bean pod) Achene
Follicle (Sunflower)
Silique
(Columbine)
(Money Plant) Nut
(Hazelnut)
 Types of fleshy fruits

Drupe Pome Pepo

(Peach) (Apple) (Cucumber)

Berry Aggregate Multiple

(Tomato) (Strawberry) (Pineapple)
 Fruit dispersal
• The form of the fruit gives clues about its
dispersal.
• Small, dry fruits with “wings” or
“parachutes” may be wind-dispersed. Fleshy
fruits are often animal dispersed. Explosive
fruits can fling seeds away. Floating fruits
may be water dispersed.
 Thinking question:
• Why must fruits be dispersed away from the
parent plant?
Seeds
 What is a seed?
• A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in
a covering called the seed coat, usually with
some stored food.
• The formation of the seed completes the
process of reproduction in seed plants
What does a seed need to grow?

1. Water
2. Space
3. Sunlight
4. Soil
*A seed is the start of a new plant

*The have different shapes, sizes and colors

*Flowers make seeds

*Covered in a seed coat to protect and keeps tiny leaves and root inside

*Contains food for the new plant

SEED STRUCTURE
• Seed coat: protects embryo
• Cotyledon: food for embryo
 How does a plant grow?
Stage 1
– A seed is planted in the soil.
Stage 2
– The seed germinates. Roots start
growing down into the soil.
Stage 3
– The roots grow longer and a stem
pushes up out of the ground.
Stage 4
– The plant grows leaves and
starts to make its own food.
Stage 5
– Full-grown plant
• Leaves, stems, flowers and
roots
• Now it can reproduce and
make new seeds