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CONTENTS

 Components of Hard disks.

 RAID technology.
 Levels in RAID technology.
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 Components of Hard disk.
o Platters and Media

o Read/Write Heads

o Head Sliders, Arms and

Actuator

o Spindle Motor

o Connectors and Jumpers

o Logic Board

o Integrated Cache

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Sectors per track.
 Types of Hard disk
 IDE(ATA/PATA).
 SATA Hard disk.
 SCSI Hard disk.
 SAS Serial Attached SCSI.
 IDE(Integrated Drive Electronics)
IDE is older type of Hard disk . It is also called ATA/PATA hard disk.
Some of the IDE hard disk are as follows:
 ATA-1
 ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface)
 ATA-2
 ATA-3:
 ATA/ATAPI-4
 ATA/ATAPI-5:
 Enhanced IDE (EIDE)
 Fast ATA
 Ultra ATA
 SATA(Serial ATA Hard disk)
 SATA is latest technology that
is replaced by PATA/ATA
hard disk.
 SATA has several advantages
over PATA they are as follows:
 Superior cabling
and connectors.
 Higher bandwidth.
 Greater reliability.

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 SCSI(Small Computers System Interface)
 These hard disks are used
in workstations and
servers because of
following advantages:

 Improved performance
over IDE and SATA in
multitasking and
multiuser environment.

 Ability to dairy chain

many drivers on computer.
 Some Information about RAID
technology
i. Mirroring refers to copying of data to multiple
hard disks.
ii. Striping refers to splitting of data across
multiple hard disks.
iii. Error correction refers to detecting hard disk
failures and recovering from the failures. Error
detection is done by parity checking .
 RAID 0 level

RAID 0 level specifies data stripping.

It means that data will split up into several smaller
parts without any parity.

It requires minimum 2 number of hard disks to

operate.

RAID 0 level provides good performance over

single disk storage.
 RAID 1 level

 Specifies data Mirroring(same copy of data in

all hard disks) but without any parity.
 This means data is copied to multiple disk but
there is no error correction of RAID1 level also
requires at least two hard disk drivers.
 RAID 2 level
(Stripping with parity.)
 RAID 2 level suggests
data is split across
multiple hard disk with
parity bit is stored in
the same hard disk .
 If any data is lost then
we can recover the
whole data with the
help of parity bit.
 Minimum 2 HDD
is required
 RAID3 level
 RAID 3 level specifies data stripping with dedicated
parity disk . This means RAID 3 level generates
parity and dedicated one of hard disk drive for
storing the parity information.
 Minimum 3 HDD is required for building RAID3
level .
Advantages: Disadvantages:
 High Read/Write  Transaction rate slowed
Transfer Rates by Parity Disk
 Disk failures don’t slow  Complex Controller
the system Design
 How Does the RAID Parity bit work?
•RAID Parity is similar to mirroring however there is less overhead. If a
user
had 4 disks, 3 of the drives would be for data, one for parity. Alternatively,
the parity bit could be spanned among all the drives. Using 1 of the 4
disks for parity means there is only 25% overhead.
•RAID Parity bit does the binary XOR function. In XOR, if the bits added
up are even, the parity bit will be 0, and if odd, 1. In this way, the parity
bit
can tell what the missing information is from any given hard drive.
 How Does the RAID Parity bit work?
•After a drive fails, the parity hard drive can figure out the information on
the failed drive because it can test if the sum of the binary digits is even or
odd.
•To figure out the information on the drive, do an XOR with the parity bit.
If it comes out to an even number, then you get 0. If it is odd, however, it
returns a 1.
 eXclusive OR
•XOR is a binary operator that takes two inputs
and produces one output. The rules are:
XOR Logic Table
A XOR B Result
0 0 0
• XOR in Action: 0 1 1
• 0101 XOR 0011 = 0110 1 0 1
• If ???? XOR 1100 = 0110, 1 1 0
• Then 1100 XOR 0110 = ???? = 1010
• Thus we can use XOR results to recover lost data
 RAID 4 level

RAID 4 level is similar to

RAID 3 except with a
difference.
The difference is that :
 In RAID 3 we stripes
data one byte at
time.
 Whereas RAID 4
strips data in blocks.
 RAID4:4:Uses
RAID Uses

Advantages:
Advantages: Disadvantages:
Disadvantages:
 Very high read rates  Very slow write rates
 Very high read rates  Very slow write rates
 Multiple files read at once Even small writes fill up
 Multiple files read at once Even small writes fill up
parity write queue
parity write queue
Uses:  Inefficient data recovery
Uses:  Inefficient data recovery
 Web Servers, and other  Even more Complex
 Web Servers, and other  Even more Complex
high read, low write Controller
ControllerDesign
Design
high read, low write than RAID 3
situations
situations than RAID 3

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 RAID 4: Uses
Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Very high read rates  Very slow write rates
 Multiple files read at once Even small writes fill up
parity write queue
Uses:  Inefficient data recovery
 Web Servers, and other  Even more Complex
high read, low write Controller Design
situations than RAID 3

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 RAID 4: Uses
Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Very high read rates  Very slow write rates
 Multiple files read at once Even small writes fill up
parity write queue
Uses:  Inefficient data recovery
 Web Servers, and other  Even more Complex
high read, low write Controller Design
situations than RAID 3

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 RAID 5 level

 RAID 5 took all the advantages from RAID 0-RAID

4 and build up this technology . The advantages are
as follows:
 RAID 0-Stripping.
 RAID 1-Mirroring.
 RAID 2-Stripping bit level parity.
 RAID 3-Stripping with dedicated parity.
 RAID 4-Block level parity.
Therefore , RAID 5 level has got highest popularity as it
uses all the level and it is used widely.
RAID 5 level
RAID 5
 Highest Read data transaction rate.

 Medium Write data transaction rate.

 Most complex controller design.

 Used for Server Applications.

RAID 6
 RAID 6 is essentially an extension of RAID level 5 which
allows for additional fault tolerance by using a second
independent distributed parity scheme (two-
dimensional parity)
 Data is striped on a block level across a set of drives,
just like in RAID 5, and a second set of parity is
calculated and written across all the drives; RAID 6
provides for an extremely high data fault tolerance and
can sustain multiple simultaneous drive failures
RAID 6
 Fault tolerance

 Very complex controller design

 Very poor write performance

RAID 0+1

 Not great reliability

 one disk failure leaves you left with only the
characteristics of a striped array (no fault
tolerance)
RAID 10
 Uses multiple (mirrored) RAID 1 in a single
array
 Data striped across all mirrored sets
 Very high fault tolerance
 High performance rate
RAID 10

Characterized by:
- each drive duplicated
- high implementation cost
How are the HDD are designed
in RAID technologies
 Advantages of RAID
 The foremost advantage of using a RAID drive is that
it increases the performance and reliability of the
system.
 The RAID drive is a credible example that could be used
in a server.
 The RAID increases the parity check and thus it regularly
checks for any possibility of a system crash. Disk
stripping is also a hot topic when we discuss about the
RAID drives.
 The performance is much highlighting and increases a lot
when the disk stripping is done.
 The mirroring is the complete duplication of the data. Or
in the other sense the mirroring is the 100% duplication
of the data on two drives.
 Disadvantages of Raid
 A major disadvantage regarding the RAID drive is
that there needs to be written the drivers for a
Network Operating System (NOS).
 Hence the major fact and also the most important usage
of the RAID system is that it is essentially designed and
extensively used in a server.
 Another disadvantage regarding the RAID is that it is
very much difficult for an administrator to configure the
RAID system.
 The ability to dynamically enlarge the RAID server is
also complex process; especially for those
administrators who are the IS managers and also the
LAN administrators.