EARTH and

LIFE
SCIENCE
Chapter 1 concept of life
Manifestations of Life
Origin of Life
Cells and Kingdom of Life
Earth is the third planet from the sun in our solar system. Its
name comes from the old English and Germanic words
meaning ‘the ground’.

Earth is approximately 4.53 billion years old.

Like the Earth experiences earthquakes, the moon

experiences “moonquakes”.
 Geology is the primary Earth science. The word means
"study of the Earth." Geology deals with the composition
of Earth materials, Earth structures, and Earth processes.
It is also concerned with the organisms of the planet and
how the planet has changed over time. Geologists search
for fuels and minerals, study natural hazards, and work to
protect Earth's environment.

Earth and life science

Life science is the study of life and living things.
Living things are also called organisms. Life
science is often referred to as biology. Life
scientists work in many different settings, from
classrooms to labs to natural habitats.
 Lesson 1
manifestation of life

We defined biology as the branch of science

concerned with the study of living things, or
organisms. That definition is pretty
straightforward. However, it opens the door to
more difficult—and more interesting—
questions: What is life? What does it mean to be
alive?
What are the
Living things must be able to organize simple substances into
complex ones.
Atomic, molecular, and cellular organization are found in a
living thing.

characteristics Living things organize cells at several levels:

 
Cell -the smallest unit of life

of living thing Tissue - a group of cells that perform a common

1. Living things have an
function.
Organ - a group of tissues that perform a common
function.
Organ system - a group of organs that perform a
common function.
Organism - a complete living thing or entity.

orderly structure. Organisms also organize at several higher levels:

Populations -The unit that changes with time.
Communities -all populations in an area
Ecosystems 
Biome -wherever life can be found on the planet Earth. 
Single-cell organisms have everything they need
to be self-sufficient.
What are the
In multicellular organisms, specialization increases
until some cells do only certain things. characteristics
of living thing
2. Living things are organized into
basic units of life called cells.
 What are the
Living things take in energy (ie light or food) for
maintenance and growth. 

characteristics
Living things do this using metabolism, the
chemical reactions of life.

of living thing
Metabolism allows living things to respond to their
environment.

3. Living things use energy

 Living thing respond to stimuli. Most animals What are the
respond rapidly to environment changes by making
some sort of movement such us running away,
changing color and release toxic.
characteristics
of living thing
4. Living things are irritable.
 What are the Cell division - the orderly formation of new cells.

characteristics Cell enlargement - cells grow to a certain size and

then divide.

of living thing An organism gets larger as the number of its cells

increases.

5. Living things develops

Reproduction is essential for the survival of a
species. What are the
All living things reproduce in one of the following
ways:
• Asexual reproduction - Producing
characteristics
offspring without the use of gametes.
• Sexual reproduction - Producing offspring
by the joining of sex cells.
of living thing
6. Living things are reproduce.
 What are the
DNA is the molecule of heredity
characteristics  

of living thing
7. Living things are coded by genes.
Adaptations are traits giving an organism an
advantage in a certain environment. What are the
Variation of individuals is important for a healthy
species, without it, the species cannot adapt characteristics
of living thing
8. Living things evolve and adopt to
their environment.
 Lesson 2
origin of life

How did life begin?

 Origin of life
There are 3 possibilities that have
been either supported or refuted by
many scientist.
Genesis 1:1 "In the beginning God
created the heaven and the earth."
spECIAL CREATION
According to this theory, God, the almighty, has created all the different forms of life that
occur today on planet earth. This idea is found in the ancient scriptures of almost every religion.
According to Hindu mythology, Lord Brahma, the God of Creation, created the living world in
accordance to his wish. According to the Christian belief, God created this universe, plants,
animals and human beings in about six natural days. The Sikh mythology says that all forms of
life including human beings came into being with a single word of God. Special creation theory
believes that the things have not undergone any significant change since their creation.
The theory of Special Creation was purely a religious concept, acceptable only on the basis
of faith. It has no scientific basis.
 
Special Creation is a theory that some within the Christian community holds to be true.

Special Creation believes that God created the Earth, all life, and the Universe all at once,
very quickly, and not long ago (in comparison to Evolution).

Special Creation is the idea that all living things were specially created by God.
 PANSPERMIA

Panspermia is a Greek word that

Mechanisms for panspermia
translates literally as "seeds
include the deflection of
everywhere". The panspermia
interstellar dust by solar radiation
hypothesis states that the "seeds"
pressure and 
of life exist all over the Universe
extremophile microorganisms
and can be propagated through
 traveling through space within an
space from one location to
asteroid, meteorite or comet.
another. Some believe that life
on Earth may have originated
through these "seeds".
 SPONTANEOUS
ORIGIN
The “recipe” for making a mouse
the supposed requires that sweaty underwear Wet soil after a flood was
should be placed over an open-mouth believed to create
production of living
jar containing husks of wheat inside amphibians such as
organisms from for around 21 days. frogs and toads.
nonliving matter, as A simple explanation: mice like to
inferred from the eat wheat and, with ease of entering a
Garbage in the streets was
jar and finding a dark and safe space,
apparent appearance of would most likely to find themselves thought to create rats.
life in some at home and have a few offspring in
the new nest.
supposedly sterile
environments.
 Lesson 3
CELL AND
KINGDOM of life

WHAT ARE THE EARLIES

CELLS?
It appears that life first emerged at least
3.8 billion years ago, approximately 750
million years after Earth was formed.
How life originated and how the first cell
came into being are matters of
speculation, since these events cannot
be reproduced in the laboratory.
Nonetheless important evidence bearing
on some steps of the several types of
experiments provide process.
 MICROFOSSILS
MICROFOSSILS ARE the tiny remains of 
bacteria, protists, fungi, animals, and plants.
Microfossils are a heterogeneous bunch of fossil
remains studied as a single discipline because
rock samples must be processed in certain ways
to remove them and microscopes must be used
to study them.
 PROKARYOTES
are unicellular organisms that lack
organelles or other internal membrane-
bound structures. Therefore, they do not
have a nucleus, but, instead, generally have
a single chromosome: a piece of circular,
double-stranded DNA located in an area of
the cell called the nucleoid.
 EUKARYOTES
are organisms whose bodies are made up
of eukaryotic cells, such as protists, fungi,
plants and animals. Eukaryotic cells are
cells that contain a nucleus and organelles,
and are enclosed by a plasma membrane
 Reinforce the concept using
infographics!
JUPITER MERCURY
It’s a gas giant and the Mercury is the closest planet to the
biggest planet in our Sun and is only a bit larger than our
Solar System Moon

VENUS MARS
Venus has a beautiful name, Despite being red, Mars is a
but it’s terribly hot, even cold place, not hot. It’s full
hotter than Mercury of iron oxide dust
All living organisms are classified into groups based on very basic, shared
characteristics. Organisms within each group are then further divided into smaller
groups. These smaller groups are based on more detailed similarities within each
larger group. This grouping system makes it easier for scientists to study certain
groups of organisms. Characteristics such as appearance, reproduction, mobility,
and functionality are just a few ways in which living organisms are grouped
together. These specialized groups are collectively called the classification of
living things. The classification of living things includes 7levels: 
kingdom, phylum, classes, order, families, genus, and 
species .
 333,000.000
earths is the Sun’s mass

24H 37M 23S

is Jupiter’s rotation period

386,000 km
is the distance between the Earth and the Moon
Cells as unit of life
chapter 2

biochemistry
cell structure
cell cycle
cell transport
biochemistry
Biochemistry is the branch of science that
explores the chemical processes within and
related to living organisms. It is a laboratory
based science that brings together biology and
chemistry. By using chemical knowledge and
techniques, biochemists can understand and
solve biological problems.
The principal types of biological
molecules or biomolecules are
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
carbohydrates
Also known as a simple sugar, which the body breaks down into simple
sugars — the major source of energy for the body.

Simple carbohydrates: Monosaccharides These are also

called simple sugars. They're found in refined sugars, like the
white sugar you see in a sugar bowl.

Complex carbohydrates: Polysaccharides These are also

called starches. Starches include grain products, such as
bread, crackers, pasta, and rice.
lipids
Fats and lipids are an essential component of the homeostatic function of the human body. Lipids contribute to some
of the body’s most vital processes.
Lipids are fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as
water. Lipids include:
• Fats and oils (triglycerides)
• Phospholipids
• Waxes
• Steroids

Lipids function for energy supply, protection,

support, and communication.
protein
Proteins are the most versatile macromolecules in living
systems and serve crucial functions in essentially all
biological processes. They function as catalysts, they
transport and store other molecules such as oxygen, they
provide mechanical support and immune protection, they
generate movement, they transmit nerve impulses, and they
control growth and differentiation.
Nucleic acid
Store and transfer cellular information and transfer energy in all
living organisms. Deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA,
stores hereditary information in small segments called genes
 inside long polymer strands
CELL
STRUCTURE
The modern tenets of the Cell
Theory include: 
   1. all known living things are made up of cells.
   2. the cell is structural & functional unit of all living things.
   3. all cells come from pre-existing cells by division.
            (Spontaneous Generation does not occur).
   4. cells contains hereditary information which is passed from
              cell to cell during cell division.
   5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.
   6. all energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs
              within cells. 
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Microorganisms and all other living organisms are

classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Prokaryotes and
eukaryotes are distinguished on the basis of their cellular
characteristics
CELLS
UNICELLULAR. Prokaryotes are organisms made up of cells that lack a
cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles. This means the
EUKARYOTIC
genetic material DNA in prokaryotes is not bound within a nucleus.

CELLS
MULTICELLULAR. Eukaryotes are organisms made up of cells that
possess a membrane-bound nucleus (that holds genetic material) as well
as membrane-bound organelles. Genetic material in eukaryotes is
contained within a nucleus within the cell and DNA is organized into
chromosomes.
Cell transport
Cell transport is movement of materials across cell
membranes. Cell transport includes passive and active transport.
Passive transport does not require energy whereas active
transport requires energy to proceed.
The movement of materials into and out of the cell is essential for:
• the uptake of nutrients
• the elimination of wastes
• the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide for cellular
respiration
• cell signaling
PASSIVE TRANSPORT:
• Substances are moved down their concentration gradient, from
an area of high to low concentration
• Does not require energy (ATP)
• May involve specialized proteins that facilitate the movement
of materials across the membrane

ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
• Substances are moved against their concentration gradient,
from an area of low to high concentration
• Requires energy (ATP)
• Requires specialized proteins that force materials across the
membrane
ONICITY
The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell by osmosis is
know as its tonicity. Expressed as ISOTONIC, HYPERTONIC, and HYPOTONIC.
CELL CYCLE AND
CONTROL
BIOENERGETI
CS
 The overall process of photosynthesis can be objectively divided into four steps/ process:
1. Absorption of light
The first step in photosynthesis is the absorption of light by chlorophylls that are attached to the proteins in the
thylakoids of chloroplasts.
The light energy absorbed is then used to remove electrons from an electron donor like water, forming oxygen.
The electrons are further transferred to a primary electron acceptor, quinine (Q) which is similar to CoQ in the
electron transfer chain.
2. Electron Transfer
The electrons are now further transferred from the primary electron acceptor through a chain of electron
transfer molecules present in the thylakoid membrane to the final electron acceptor, which is usually NADP+.
As the electrons are transferred through the membrane, protons are pumped out of the membrane, resulting in
the proton gradient across the membrane.
3. Generation of ATP
The movement of protons from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through the F0F1 complex results in the
generation of ATP from ADP and Pi.
This step is identical to the step of the generation of ATP in the electron transport chain.
4. Carbon Fixation
The NADP and ATP generated in steps 2 and 3 provide energy, and the electrons drive the process of
reducing carbon into six-carbon sugar molecules.
The first three steps of photosynthesis are directly dependent on light energy and are thus, called light
reactions, whereas the reactions in this step are independent of light and thus are termed dark reactions.
 
To see how a glucose molecule is converted into carbon dioxide and how its energy is harvested as ATP and
NADH/FADH2 in one of your body's cells, let’s walk step by step through the four stages of cellular respiration.
1. Glycolysis. In glycolysis, glucose—a six-carbon sugar—undergoes a series of chemical transformations. In
the end, it gets converted into two molecules of pyruvate, a three-carbon organic molecule. In these reactions,
ATP is made, and NAD+ is converted to NADH.
2. Pyruvate oxidation. Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes into the mitochondrial matrix—the innermost
compartment of mitochondria. There, it’s converted into a two-carbon molecule bound to Coenzyme A, known
as acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is genereated.
3. Citric acid cycle. The acetyl CoA made in the last step combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes
through a cycle of reactions, ultimately regenerating the four-carbon starting molecule. ATP, NADH, and
FADH2 are produced, and carbon dioxide is released.
4.  Oxidative phosphorylation. The NADH, and FADH2 made in other steps deposit their electrons in the
electron transport chain, turning back into their "empty" forms (NAD+ and FAD).  As electrons move down the
chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back
into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport
chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.
Glycolysis can take place without oxygen in a process called fermentation. The other three stages of cellular
respiration—pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation—require oxygen in order
to occur. Only oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen directly, but the other two stages can't run without
oxidative phosphorylation.