BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS

Objective
1. To know different body fluid
compartments and their measurement
2. To know blood volume and its
measurement
Body fluid compartments
Why do we have fluid ? …
 The answer is …
 To dissolve chemical substances
 To transport insoluble fat after
emulsification
 For dissociation of substances to
form ions
 To act as a perfect medium for
chemical reactions
 To help in thermoregulation
Water balance
 Total Body Water - TBW

 55-60% of body wt in young

men
 45-50% of body wt in young
women
 70% of Lean Body Mass
(regardless of age, sex and
obesity)
FACTORS AFFECTING
Total Body H2O

varies depending on body fat:

1. Infant: 73-80%

2. Male adult: 60%

3. Female adult: 40-50%

4. Effects of obesity

5. Old age 45%

6. Climate Level of physical activity

 FLUID COMPARTMENTS

EXTRA CELLUAR INTRA CELLULAR

FLUID (cytosol)FLUID

PLASMA INTERSTITIAL TRANSCELLULAR

FLUID FLUID

CSF
Intra ocular
Pleural
Peritoneal
Synovial
Digestive Secretions
 Compartments of TBW in a 70kg man

Interstitial fluid ISF (10.5L)

ECF 14L Plasma (3.5L)

(20% BWt)
Transcellular fluid (1L)
TBW
42L (60% BWt)

ICF 28L
(40% BWt) TBW = ECF+ICF
ECF = ISF + PLASMA
DISTRIBUTION OF BODY FLUIDS
 Intra Cellular Fluid

• 40 % of body weight
• Forms 2/3 of total body water
(28L)
• Largest fluid compartment
• Separated from ECF by cell
membrane
 Extra Cellular Fluid

• Extracellular fluid (ECF) was

referred to as the
"milieu interieur," "internal
environment," or "internal sea,"
by the French physiologist,
Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
 Extra Cellular Fluid

• “milieu interior “
– 20% of body weight
– 1/3 of TBW ( 14 L )
• Divided by capillary
membrane in to two
compartments-
– ISF –11 L
– PLASMA- 3 L
 Interstitial fluid

• Transports
substances
between the cells
and blood plasma
• Serves as buffer
fluid
 Interstitial fluid

Formed by plasma filtration at capillaries, where it is at

the same time reabsorbed; balance between these two
processes is completed by the lymphatic drainage
 Trans cellular Fluid
• Formed actively by secretion or filtration
• 1 Litre
– GI Fluid
– CSF
– Biliary fluid
– Other fluids
• Pleural, Pericardial, Synovial, Intraocular,
Luminal fluids of Thyroid & cochlea
Composition of body fluids…
Intracellular fluid Extra cellular fluid
• potassium is the • Sodium is the chief
Principal cation cation
• Protein & organic • Chloride &
Phosphate – Bicarbonate are the
predominant anions chief anions
 Ionic composition of body fluids (m eq/l)

IONS PLASMA ISF ICF

CATION Na +
153 145 12
K+ 5.4 5 155
Mg2+ 1.9 2 15
others 2.7 2 2
Total 163 154 184
cation
ANIONS Cl - 111 110 8
HCO3- 26.2 27 8
PO4 3-
1 2 90
Protein 17.2 60
others 7.6 - 18
Measurement of body fluids…
 Measurement of body fluids…

The volume of fluid in various compartments is measured

indirectly by Indicator dilution principle
 Indicator dilution principle
• This principle is based on the relationship between
– the amount of substance administered – i
– The volume of space the substance is distributed in
–v
– The final concentration of the substance – c

Volume of fluid × Conc= amount of substance

i.e. v × c = i
v =i/c
=amount
administered/concentration
= (amt adm.– amt removed) / conc.
 Dilution principle

Add solute
vol? eg. 100 mmol

Mix

Measure concentration
eg. 10 mmol/litre

Vol = amount / concentration

Vol = 100 mmol / 10 mmol/l= 10 litres
 Substances used to measure
TBW

• Tritium oxide (3h2o)

• Deuterium oxide (2h2o)
• Antipyrine
• N-acetyl –4 amino
antipyrine
• Urea
• Thiourea
 Substances used to measure
ECF volume
• Saccharides:
– inulin, sucrose, raffinose
& mannitol
• Ions:
– thiocyanate, thiosulfate,
radio isotopes of SO42- , Cl- Br-
 Measurement of Plasma volume
• Using substances that
a. do not leave the
vascular
compartment
b. do not enter RBC
e.g.,
• Evans blue –T1824
• Radio iodinated human
serum albumin – RISA
• Radio iodinated gamma
globulin & fibrinogen
 Measurement of plasma volume

Plasma Vol(L) = Blood Vol (L) × 100-hematocrit

100
 Measurement of Blood volume

Radio active isotopes of Phosphorus , Iron and Chromium

Tagged red cells are injected intravenously and blood
volume determined by dilution principle
 Measurement of ICF & ISF volume

• TBW = ECF + ICF

Therefore
ICF = TBW – ECF

• ECF = PV + ISF
Therefore
ISF = ECF - PV
 Indicators used for measuring plasma volume, ECF
volume and total body H2O
Compartmen Criterion Indicators
t
1. Plasma Substance 1. Evans blue dye;
should not cross 2. radioiodinated fibrinogen;
capillaries 3. radioiodinated albumin
2.ECF Substance Isotonic solutions of sucrose,
volume should cross inulin, mannitol, NaCl
capillaries but
not cross cell
membranes
3.Total body Substance Heavy H2O, tritiated H2O,
H2O distributes aminopyrine, antipyrine
(TBW) evenly in ICF &
ECF
 OSMOLE
• OSMOLE: 1 OSMOLE = 1gm MOL. WT OF
UNDISSOCIATED SOLUTE.
• IF SOLUTE DISSOCIATES eg.
• NaCl Na+ + Cl-
• 1gm MOL WT. OF NaCl = 2 OSMOLES
• OSMOLARITY-
• NUMBER OF OSMOLES/LITRE OF SOLUTION
• OSMOLALITY –
• NO. OF OSMOLES / Kg OF SOLUTION
• 1)% of total body water

• A)40%
• B)20%
• C)60%
• D)90%

• Ans C)60%
• 2) Intracellular fluid is 2/3 of total body water

• A) true
• B)false

• Ans A) true
• 3)Extra cellular fluid is -------- of total body water

• A)2/3
• B)1/3
• C)2/4
• D)1/4

• Ans B)1/3
• 4)Internal environment or ‘milleu interier’ is

• A)ICF
• B)ISF
• C)TBW
• D)ECF

• ans D)ECF
• 5) ‘milleu interier’ – term coined by

• A) robert
• B) hodgkin
• C) guyton
• D) claud bernard

• Ans D) claud bernard

• 6)TBW is measured using

• A)evans blue
• B)sucrose
• C)deuterium oxide
• D)mercury

• Ans C)deuterium oxide

• 7) plasma volume is measured using

• A) evans blue( T 1824)

• B) radio isotope labelled albumin
• C) radio isotope labelled globulin
• D) all of the above

• Ans D) all of the above

• 8)Extra cellular fluid is measured using

• A) sucrose or inulin
• B) glucose or insulin
• C) fructose
• D) galactose

• ans A)sucrose or inulin

• 9) ICF and ISF are measured directly using inulin

• A) true
• B) false

• Ans B) false
• 10)measurement of body fluids is based on
-------------- principle
• indicator dilution principle
• 11)Chief cation of ECF is ------
• sodium
• 12) Chief cation of ICF is
• potassium
Thank you