MODULE 19

Machine Guarding
 What hazards exist?

 Crushed by or drawn into equipment

 Struck by moving parts
 Struck by failed components or particles

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 Key parts of machines

1. Point of operation: where work is

performed on the material, such as cutting,
shaping, boring, or forming of stock.
2. Power Transmission Device: transmits
energy to the part of the machine performing
the work
 Includes flywheels, pulleys, belts, connecting
rods, couplings, cams, spindles, chains, cranks,
and gears.

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 Key parts of machines

3. Operation Controls: Control

mechanisms
4. Other moving parts: can include
reciprocating, rotating, and transverse
moving parts, feed mechanisms, and
auxiliary parts of the machine

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 Hazards to be Guarded

 Things to guard include

 In-running nip points
 Rotating equipment
 Flying chips or sparks
 Belts or gears
 Parts that impact or shear

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 Rotating Parts

 Can grip hair or clothing

 Can force the body into a dangerous
position
 Projecting pieces increase risk

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 In-Running Nip Points

 Between 2 rotating parts

 Between rotating and tangential parts
 Between rotating and fixed parts which
shear, crush, or abrade

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 Reciprocating Parts

 Risk of being struck between stationary

and moving part

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 Transverse motion

 Continuous straight line motion

 Worker struck or caught in pinch or
shear point

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 Cutting action

 Direct injury from cutting action

 Flying chips or sparks
 Saws, drills, lathes, mills

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 Punching action

 Ram stamps materials

 Danger at point of operation

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 Shearing action

 Powered blade that shears materials

 Hazard at point of operation

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 Bending action

 Power applied to a slide to stamp/shape

materials
 Hazard at point of operation

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 Guarding Principles

 Prevent contact between hazardous moving

parts and body or clothing
 Secure guard: not easily removed
 Protect from objects falling into machinery
 No new hazards: sharp/rough edges
 No interference with job/comfort/speed
 Allow safe lubrication: without removing
guards if possible

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 Guarding Methods

 Location / distance
 Guards
 Fixed
 Interlocked
 Adjustable
 Self-adjusting

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 Guarding Methods

 Devices
 Presence sensing
 Pullback
 Restraint
 Safety controls (tripwire cable, two-hand
control, etc.)
 Gates

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 Guarding Methods

 Feeding & ejection methods

 Automatic and/or semi-automatic feed and
ejection
 Robots
 Miscellaneous aids
 Awareness barriers
 Protective shields
 Hand-feeding tools
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 Fixed Guard

 Barrier is a
permanent part of
machine
 Preferable over other
types

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 Interlocked Guard

 Stops motion when guard is opened or

removed
Interlocked
guard on
revolving drum

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 Adjustable Guard

 Barrier may
be adjusted
for variable
operations
Bandsaw blade
 What are the adjustable guard
drawbacks?

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 Self-Adjusting Guard

 Adjusts according to size/position of

material
Circular table saw
self-adjusting guard

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 Pullback Device

 Cables attached to
operator’s hands or
wrists
 Removes hands
from point of
operation during
danger period
 What are the
drawbacks?

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 Restraint Device

 Cables attached to
fixed point and
wrists or hands
 Adjustable to let
hands travel in
predetermined area
 May be
accompanied by
hand-feeding tools
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 Safety Tripwire Cable

 Device located
around the
perimeter of or
near the danger
area
 Operator must be
able to reach the
cable to stop the
machine
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 Two-Hand Control

 Requires constant
pressure on both
pads to activate
the machine
 Hands on controls
at safe distance
while machine is
in dangerous
cycle
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 Gate

 Must close fully to protect user before

cycle will start

Gate Open Gate Closed

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 Safeguarding by Location/Distance

 Location of hazardous parts that is

inaccessible or not a hazard during
normal operation
 Must maintain safe distance
 Training, warning, communication
necessary

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 Protective Shields

 Protection from flying particles or

splashing fluids
 Do not protect
completely from
machine hazards

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 What regulations apply?

 29 CFR 1910 Subpart O

 29 CFR 1910 Subpart P for hand and
portable power tools
 API RP 54 6.8 Machinery and Tools

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29 CFR 1910 SUBPART O
Machinery and Machine Guarding
 Organization

211.Definitions
212.General requirements for all machines
213.Woodworking machinery requirements
215.Abrasive wheel machinery
216.Mills and calenders in the rubber and
plastics industries
217.Mechanical power presses
218.Forging machines
219.Mechanical power-transmission apparatus
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29 CFR 1910.212
General Requirements
 1910.212(a) Machine guarding

1. One or more types of guarding to

protect from hazards.
 Barrier guards
 Two-hand tripping devices
 Electronic safety devices
 Etc.
2. Affixed to machine where possible
 Guard must not cause its own hazard
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 1910.212(a) Machine guarding

3. Point of operation guarding:

ii. Guarded if exposes employee to injury
 According to standards or
 Keep any part of body out of danger zone
iii. Hand tools to permit material handling –
in addition to guards, not instead
iv. Examples of machines requiring guards
on point of operation

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 1910.212(a) Machine guarding

4. Revolving barrels, drums, containers

guarded by interlocked enclosure
(cannot turn without guard in place)
5. Exposure to fan blades: guard
openings 1/2 inch

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 1910.212(b) Anchoring fixed
machinery
 Machines designed for fixed location
must be anchored to prevent moving

This pedestal grinder is

designed for anchoring,
but is not anchored

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29 CFR 1910.215
Abrasive Wheel Machinery
 1910.215(a) General requirements

 Abrasive wheels
must be guarded,
with exceptions
 Guard design
dependent on type
of work and type of
wheel

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 1910.215(a) General requirements

 Work rests:
 Rigid, clamped in place securely
 Adjusted to within 1/8 inch of wheel
 Never adjusted while in motion

Work rest is closely

adjusted

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 1910.215(b)(9) Exposure
adjustment
 For type where operator
stands in front of
opening: Adjustable for
decreasing wheel size
 Adjustable tongue
guard must never be
more than ¼ inch from
wheel

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 1910.215(d) Mounting

 Inspect for damage and ring test

immediately before mounting
 Tap with light nonmetallic implement
(screwdriver, wooden mallet)
 If sound is dead, cracked ring may not be
used
 Check spindle speed against maximum
for wheel
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 Ring Test

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29 CFR 1910.219

Mechanical Power-Transmission
Apparatus
 Organization of 1910.219

(a) General requirements

(b) Prime-mover guards
(1) Flywheels
(2) Cranks and connecting rods
(3) Tail rods or extension piston rods
(c) Shafting
(d) Pulleys

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 Organization of 1910.219

(e) Belt, rope, and chain drives

(f) Gears, sprockets, and chains
(g) Guarding friction drives
(h) Keys, setscrews, and other projections
(i) Collars and couplings
(j) Bearings and facilities for oiling
(k) Guarding of clutches, cutoff couplings,
and clutch pulleys
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 Organization of 1910.219

(l) Belt shifters, clutches, shippers, poles,

perches, and fasteners
(m) Standard guards-general
requirements
(o) Approved materials
(p) Care of equipment

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Machine Guarding
Hazards on Oil and Gas Sites
 Parts Requiring Guarding

 Drive belts and shafts – mud pumps

and tank area
 Pony rods
 Rotating parts
 Shale shaker
 Agitator shafts & couplings
 Moving generator parts
 (explore)
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 Mud Pumps

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 Shale Shaker

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 Generators

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 Parts Requiring Guarding

 Air compressors
 Crown sheaves
 Kelly bushing – or controls
 Rotary chain drive
 Air hoist line
 Drawworks
 Bench grinder wheels
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 Crown Sheaves

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 Kelly and Bushing

 Alternative Abatement:
STD 1-12.28 CH-1

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 Drawworks

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 Parts Requiring Guarding

 Belts, drive chains, gears and drives on

power and hand tools
 Traveling blocks
 Sheaves
 Cathead?

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 Drilling Line

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 Traveling Block

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 Hoisting Line

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Machine Guarding
Safety Responsibilities
 Safety Responsibilities
 Management:
 Ensure all machinery is properly guarded
 Supervisors:
 Train employees on specific guard rules in their areas
 Ensure machine guards remain in place and are
functional
 Immediately correct machine guard deficiencies
 Employees:
 Do not remove guards unless machine is locked and
tagged
 Report machine guard problems to supervisors
immediately
 Do not operate equipment unless guards are in place
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 Training

 Operators/affected employees should receive

training on:
 Hazards associated with particular machines
 How the safeguards provide protection and the
hazards for which they are intended
 How and why to use the safeguards
 How and when safeguards can be removed and
by whom
 What to do if a safeguard is damaged, missing, or
unable to provide adequate protection
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29 CFR 1910 Subpart P and 1926 Subpart I
Hand and Portable Power Tools
 Construction vs. General Industry

 Construction, alteration, or repair?

 Applicable standard depends on type of
operations:
 1910 Subpart P: Hand and Portable
Powered Tools and Other Hand-Held
Equipment
 1926 Subpart I: Tools – Hand and Power

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 1910.242 General

 Employer is responsible for safe

condition of tools and equipment
 Including equipment furnished by
employee
 Compressed air must not be used for
cleaning unless:
 Reduced to <30 p.s.i.
 Only with effective chip guarding and PPE

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 1910.243(a) Portable powered
tools
 Portable circular saws >2 in. guarded
 Automatic return to covering position
 Switches and controls:
 constant pressure control for circular and
chain saws
 other controls for other tools as
appropriate

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 1910.243(a) Portable powered
tools
 Portable belt sanding machine guarding
 Nip points
 Unused run of sanding belt
 Cracked saws: remove from service
 Grounding: Meet Subpart S

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 1910.243(b) Pneumatic powered
tools and hose
 Tool retainer to prevent ejection
 Airhose designed for applied pressure
and service

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 1910.243 Guarding of portable
powered tools
c. Portable abrasive wheels:
 Must be guarded
 Ring test and inspection
d. Explosive actuated fastening tools
e. Power lawnmowers
 Guarding
 Controls and shutoff device
 Labeling, manuals
 Design
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 1910.244 Other portable tools and
equipment
a. Jacks
 Loading and marking
 Operation and maintenance
b. Abrasive blast cleaning nozzles:
operating valve and support

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 1926.300 General requirements

 Maintained in safe condition whether

furnished by employer or employee
 Shall be guarded when designed to
accommodate guards
 Moving parts that create hazards shall
be guarded by one or more methods
 Fan openings; anchoring machinery

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 1926.300 General requirements

 Abrasive wheel guards

 PPE if necessary for objects, particles,
gases
 Allowable switches by tool type

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 1926.301 Hand tools
 Use of unsafe hand tools not
permitted
 Wrenches shall not be used when
jaws are sprung to the point of
slippage
 Including adjustable, pipe, end &
socket wrenches
 Impact tools shall be kept free of
mushroomed heads
 Such as drift pins, wedges & chisels
 Wooden handles shall be kept
 Free of splinters or cracks
 Tight in the tool
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 1926.302 Power-operated hand
tools
 Electric power-operated tools
 Double-insulated or grounded
 Never hold by the cord
 Pneumatic power-operated tools
 Secure tools, attachments, and muzzle
 Compressed air use restrictions
 Never hold by the hose
 Reduce pressure in case of hose failure
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 1926.302 Power-operated hand
tools
 Fuel operated tools
 Stop while refueling or servicing
 Watch concentrations in enclosed spaces
 Hydraulic power tools
 Fire-resistant fluids
 Safe operating pressures
 Powder-actuated tools

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 1926 Subpart I Organization

 1926.303 Abrasive wheels and tools

 1926.304 Woodworking tools
 1926.305 Jacks
 1926.306 Air receivers
 1926.307 Mechanical power-
transmission apparatus

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