ECO-FRIENDLY DYES

UNDYED CLOTHES
Wearing the clothes without dye

Garments can be worn without any dye on

them.

Garments made from color-grown cottons or

natural colored wool
 natural colored wool
color-grown cottons
 CLAY/DIRT DYES
• Clay dyes are made from the minerals and irons in
the earth.

• This method has been used for centuries.

• New research/technology is improving the

colorfastness of dirt dyes.

• Earth Creations is one company specializing in clay

dye.
 LOW-IMPACT FIBER-REACTIVE DYES
• These are synthetic dyes that chemically bond directly to the clothes fiber
molecules.

• This results in less water run off due to the fixation rate being up to 70%.

• Have been around since 1956, have recently undergone some major
advances, which have resulted in brighter colors and better colorfast
properties.

• Unlike conventional dyes, these dyes contain no heavy metals or other

known toxic substances.

• The biggest drawback - they are still made from synthetic petrochemicals.
 NATURAL DYES
• Earliest use of natural dyes - in China 2600 BC. • The commonly used materials as
natural dyes are:
• Natural dyes were used exclusively right up
until 1856, when William Henry Perkin, while • Henna
trying to find an artificial malaria cure, • Safron (berries)
accidentally created a new colour and clothes • Turmeric
dye when he found mauve. • Carrot
• Butternut
• Sorted into 3 categories on the basis of source: • Beetroot
• Strawberry
• Rose
--plants,
• Grapes
--animals and
• Onion
--minerals. • Marigold
• Dahlia
• Natural dyes typically require the inclusion of • Sunflower
metallic salts such as aluminum, iron, • Grass
chromium, and copper for ensuring • Blackberry
colorfastness. • Cherry
• Common Name: Dolu, Himalayan Rubrub

• Botanical Name: Rhum emodin

• Dolu is about 1.5 to 3 meter high stout herb.

• It is grown at an altitude of about 3000 to 5000 meters high.

• The color is extracted from its wood.

• This consists of many anthraquinone derivatives

• It dyes wool in range of color mainly in yellow and exhibit good fastness ratings.
 Lac

• Scarlet resinous secretion of a number of species of insects

• Red and violet dyestuff
• Trade name nimbus
Natural dyes -ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
•Tedious extraction of colouring component from the raw
• Natural dyes are: material

•Low colour value and

 less toxic,
 less polluting, •Longer dyeing time
 less health hazardous,
 non-carcinogenic and •Cost of dyeing considerably higher than with synthetic dyes.
 non-poisonous.
•Some natural dyes are fugitive and need a mordant for
• Added to this, they are: enhancement of their fastness properties.

•Also there are problems like:

– harmonizing colours,
– gentle, • difficulty in the collection of plants,
– soft and subtle and • lack of standardization,
– create a restful effect. • lack of availability of precise technical knowledge of
extracting and dyeing technique and
• • species availability.
Above all, they are:

– environment-friendly and
– can be recycled after use.
Effluent Treatment
• Most of the effluent yields:
 very high BOD, COD, SS, and TDS level
 with black colored and
 odor effluent to streams, rivers & natural water.
• The concept and the treatment is:
 all the BOD requirement should go down and
 the condensate coming out should not be polluted. 
• Wastewater treatment processes are
designed to achieve improvements in the •
quality of the wastewater.
The various treatment processes may reduce:
• Suspended solids (physical particles that
can clog rivers or channels as they settle
under gravity)
• Biodegradable organics which can serve
as “food” for microorganisms
Pathogenic bacteria and other disease
causing organisms
• Nutrients, including nitrates and
phosphates which can lead to high
concentrations of unwanted algae
• Treatment processes may also neutralize
or removing industrial wastes and toxic
chemicals.
• The types of effluent treatment
methods are,

• The physico-chemical method.
• The biological method.
• The combine method.
 Secondary (biological) treatment:
• Widely used terminology refers to three levels of
wastewater treatment: primary, secondary, and
tertiary (or advanced).
• Removes the dissolved organic matter that
escapes primary treatment.
Primary (mechanical) treatment:
• This is achieved by microbes consuming
• Removes gross, suspended and floating solids from the organic matter as food, and converting
raw sewage. it to carbon dioxide, water, and energy for
their own growth and reproduction.
• It includes screening to trap solid objects and
sedimentation by gravity to remove suspended •
About 85% of the suspended solids and
solids.
BOD can be removed by a well running
plant with secondary treatment.
• Primary treatment can reduce the BOD of the
incoming wastewater by 20-30% and the total
suspended solids by some 50-60%.
Tertiary treatment:

Simply additional treatment beyond secondary!

Tertiary treatment can remove more than 99 percent of all

the impurities from sewage, producing an effluent of
almost drinking-water quality.