PartCHAPTER

II 4
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell’s Equation
4.1.2 Transformers
A transformer is an AC device that transforms voltages, currents, and
impedances between 2 circuits through electromagnetic induction.

Figure 4.3a shows the schematic diagram of a transformer .

A time-varying current or an AC current in the transformer's primary winding
creates a time-varying magnetic flux in the core that impinges on the
secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary induces a
time-varying electromotive force (emf) or voltage in the secondary winding.
4.1.2 Transformers (Continue)
The primary and secondary windings are wrapped around a core of infinitely
high magnetic permeability so that all of the magnetic flux passes through
both the primary and secondary windings. With voltage source connected to
the primary winding and load impedance connected to the secondary winding,
the transformer currents flow in the directions indicated in Figure 4.3a and
Figure 4.3b.

Figure 4.3b: The equivalent circuit of a

transformer
4.1.2 Transformers (Continue)
 The electromotive force (emf) developed in the secondary is proportional to the
ratio of the number of turns in the secondary coil to the number of turns in the
primary coil. Neglecting all leakage flux,

where
the voltage in the primary coil the voltage in the secondary coil
the number of turns of wire on the primary coil the number of turns of wire on the
secondary coil
the current in the secondary coil the current in the primary coil

For step-down transformers,

 For step-up transformers,
 By definition of Ohm’s Law,
4.1.3 A moving circuit in a static
(time-invarying) magnetic field
 A metallic bar that moves with a velocity over a static magnetic field as
shown in Figure 4.4 will induce a magnetic force

Figure 4.4: A metallic bar that moves with a velocity through a static magnetic field
4.1.3 (Continue)
  A metallic bar sliding over conducting rails that is part of a circuit in a static
magnetic field as shown in Figure 4.5 will generate an emf around the circuit
defined by
(V)

Equation is referred to as motional emf.

Figure 4.5: A metallic bar sliding over conducting rails that is part of a circuit in a magnetic
field
Example 4.3
  The rectangular loop shown in Figure 4.5 above has a constant length l, but it
length increases with time as the sliding bar moves at with a uniform velocity
in the static magnetic field such that . The bar starts from at .
Determine
a) The motional emf between terminal 1 and terminal 2
b) The current following through the resistor R.
[Note: Assume that the loop resistance .]
Solution:

But

 Solution: (Continue)
 

[Note: Only the part of the circuit that moves in a direction not parallel to the magnetic flux will generate
emf.]

Alternatively,

Since

 
Example 4.4
 Figure 4.6 shows a metal cube with length cm moving at velocity m/s across
a uniform magnetic field T. The cube is oriented so that four of its edges are
parallel to its direction of motion (i.e., the normal vectors of two faces are parallel to the
direction of motion).
Determine the magnitude of the electric field inside the cube.

Figure 4.6
Solution:
 The magnetic force that is induced is
 

The electric force is:

Since the two forces are equal, then

 
Therefore the -field inside the cube is 5 V/m.
4.1.4 A moving circuit in a time-varying
magnetic field
 Lorentz’s force states that when a charge q moves with a velocity in an
electromagnetic field (where both and exist)then the charge q will experience
a force defined by

 
A conducting loop moving in a time-varying field will induce a voltage that is
made up of a combination of 2 sources of flux change. The Faraday’s law then
becomes
 

 
The first term of equation on the right is due to the changes in , and the second term is the voltage induced due
to the motion of the loop .
Example 4.5
 If the sliding bar in Figure 4.5 now moves at with a uniform velocity in the
dynamic magnetic field such that . The bar starts from at .

Determine the induced voltage between terminal 1 and terminal 2.

[Note: Assume that the loop resistance .]

Solution:
  Given:

Then

Equation states

-
-
4.2 Maxwell’s Equation  

Relationships Electrostatics Magnetostatics

     
 
The field equations
 

Constitutive Relations    
(homogeneous and isotropic
media)
 Maxwell’s Equation (Continue)  
  Differential Form Integral Form  
   
Gauss’s Law
 

     

     
Faraday’s Law
 

     
Ampere’s Law