DNA & Protein Synthesis

DNA Structure
Lesson Objectives:
-To describe the structure of DNA
-To define what a gene is
Where is genetic information stored?
Gene
Nucleus
Chromosome Small section of a
chromosome.
Lots of genetic Codes for a
particular
information (made characteristic
of DNA) (protein)
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are made up of large molecules of

DNA which have a double helix structure.
DNA is made up of Bases

which pair together.
For now all you need to know

is that the bases are – A,
C, G & T.
A forms a pair with T.

C forms a pair with G.
Complete the following DNA sequence…
1. 5.
4.
2. 3.
Protein synthesis:
Transcription
Learning Intentions
•Identify the differences between RNA
and DNA
•Describe the process of Transcription
What are proteins made of?
Proteins are long molecules made from chemical units
called amino acids.
protein
molecule
amino acid
A gene codes for a particular amino acid, which makes a
specific protein.
Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins.
© Boardworks Ltd 2004

What is the function of DNA?
The function of
DNA is to code for
proteins.
Not all of the DNA
molecule codes for
proteins.
The functional part
of DNA that can is
known as a Gene
RNA
Genes are instructions to build a
protein.
Unfortunately the DNA that contains
the genes can’t leave the nucleus.
So a copy of the gene must be made.
This copy is known as Messenger RNA
or mRNA.
RNA is another type of nucleic acid
RNA
Ribo nucleic acid
Structurally
different in 3
ways from DNA.
What are the
differences?
Transcription
Transcription is the name of the

process in which a copy of DNA is made.
The copy is known as messenger RNA
This process occurs in the nucleus of
the cell
The DNA in the nucleus is first unwound….
ATTTTATCGCCCTGCTAGCTGGGCAT
TAAAATAGCGGGACGATCGACCCGTA
The weak hydrogen bonds between the bases are broken…..
The weak hydrogen bonds between the bases are broken…..
This causes the two strands of DNA to separate.
Free RNA nucleotides in the nucleoplasm find their
complementary base pair on the DNA…….
U
UA
U AA
A hydrogen bond forms between the RNA nuclotide base
and the complementary base on the DNA.
U AAA
U A AAA
U A AAA U
U A AAA U A
U A AAA U AG
U A AAA U AG C
U A AAA U AG C G
U A AAA U AG C G G
U A AAA U AG C G G G
U A AAA U AG C G G GA
U A AAA U AG C G G GA C
U A AAA U AG C G G GA C G
U A AAA U AG C G G GA C G A
U A AAA U AG C G G GA C G A U
U A AAA U AG C G G GA C G A U C
U A AAA U AG C G G GA C G A U C G
U A AAA U AG C G G GA C G A U C G A
U A AAA U AG C G G GA C G A U C G A C
U A AAA U AG C G G GA C G A U C G A C C
U A AAA U AG C G G GA C G A U C G A C C C
U A AAA U AG C G G GA C G A U C G A C C C G
U A AAA U AG C G G GA C G A U C G A C C C G U
U A AAA U AG C G G GA C G A U C G A C C C G U A
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.

nucleotides.
The messenger RNA molecule is formed

UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The messenger RNA molecule is formed

UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCG
Hydrogen bonds between the bases on mRNA and the

bases on DNA break….
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACC

UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCG

UAAAAUAGCGGGACG
…….The mRNA is ready to make it’s journey out of the

nucleus and into the cytoplasm.
UAAAAUAGCGGG

UAAAAUAG

UAAAA

UAA

U

The hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases

on DNA re-form and the DNA is wound back into a helix
again.

again.

again.

again.

again.
Protein Synthesis:
Translation
Learning Intentions
Describe how mRNA gets
translated into a protein.
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus
Translation
Translation is the process in which the
mRNA is ‘read’ and translated into a
protein.
Translation occurs on the ribosomes
The process involves another type of
RNA molecule known as Transfer RNA
or tRNA
The mRNA leaves the
nucleus through a nuclear
pore and enters the
cytoplasm
UGCAUCGCAACUCGC
The mRNA leaves the
pore and enters the
cytoplasm
GAUGCAUCGCAACUCGC
The mRNA leaves the
pore and enters the
cytoplasm
UCGAUGCAUCGCAACUCGC
The mRNA leaves the
pore and enters the
cytoplasm
UUUCGAUGCAUCGCAACUCGC
The mRNA leaves the
pore and enters the
cytoplasm
The mRNA leaves the
pore and enters the
cytoplasm
UUUCGAUGCAUCGCAACU
The mRNA leaves the
pore and enters the
cytoplasm
UUUCGAUGCAUCGCA
The mRNA leaves the
pore and enters the
cytoplasm
UUUCGAUGCAU
The mRNA leaves the
pore and enters the
cytoplasm
UUUCGA
A ribosome becomes
attached to the mRNA
A ribosome becomes
A ribosome becomes
A ribosome becomes
codon
the genetic code on the

mRNA is read in groups
of 3 letters called
codons
Amino Acid Table
Amino Acid SLC DNA codons
Isoleucine I ATT
Leucine L CTT
Valine V GTT
Phenylalanine F TTT
Methionine M ATG
Cysteine C TGT
Alanine A GCT
Glycine G GGT
Proline P CCT
Threonine T ACT
Serine S TCT
Tyrosine Y TAT
Tryptophan W TGG
Glutamine Q CAA
Asparagine N AAT
Histidine H CAT
Glutamic acid E GAA
Aspartic acid D GAT
Lysine K AAA
Arginine R CGT

DNA & Protein Synthesis

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DNA & Protein Synthesis

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DNA Structure

Chromosomes are made up of large molecules of

DNA is made up of Bases

For now all you need to know

A forms a pair with T.

Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins.

© Boardworks Ltd 2004

Transcription is the name of the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the

The messenger RNA molecule is formed

The messenger RNA molecule is formed

Hydrogen bonds between the bases on mRNA and the

Hydrogen bonds between the bases on mRNA and the

Hydrogen bonds between the bases on mRNA and the

…….The mRNA is ready to make it’s journey out of the

…….The mRNA is ready to make it’s journey out of the

…….The mRNA is ready to make it’s journey out of the

…….The mRNA is ready to make it’s journey out of the

…….The mRNA is ready to make it’s journey out of the

…….The mRNA is ready to make it’s journey out of the

The hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases

The hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases

The hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases

The hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases

The hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases

the genetic code on the

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