Chapter 1

Graphs, Functions,
and Models

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 Section

1.1 Introduction to Graphing

1.2 Functions and Graphs
1.3 Linear Functions, Slope, and Applications
1.4 Equations of Lines and Modeling
1.5 Linear Equations, Functions, Zeros and
Applications
1.6 Solving Linear Inequalities

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 1.5
Linear Equations, Functions, Zeros,
and Applications
 Solve linear equations.
 Solve applied problems using linear models.
 Find zeros of linear functions.

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Equations and Solutions
An equation is a statement that two expressions are
equal.
To solve an equation in one variable is to find all the
values of the variable that make the equation true.
Each of these numbers is a solution of the equation.
The set of all solutions of an equation is its solution
set.
Some examples of equations in one variable are
x3
2x  3  5, 3x  1  4x  5,  1,
x4
and x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
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Linear Equations

A linear equation in one variable is an equation

that can be expressed in the form mx + b = 0, where
m and b are real numbers and m ≠ 0.

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Equivalent Equations

Equations that have the same solution set are

equivalent equations.

For example, 2x + 3 = 5 and x = 1 are equivalent

equations because 1 is the solution of each equation.

On the other hand, x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 and x = 1 are not

equivalent equations because 1 and 2 are both
solutions of x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 but 2 is not a solution of
x = 1.
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Equation-Solving Principles

For any real numbers a, b, and c:

The Addition Principle:

If a = b is true, then a + c = b + c is true.

The Multiplication Principle:

If a = b is true, then ac = bc is true.

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Example
3 7
Solve: x 1 
4 5
Solution: Start by multiplying both sides of the
equation by the LCD to clear the equation of fractions.
3  7 15x  48
20  x  1  20 
4  5 15x 48
3 
20  x  20 1  28 15 15
4 48
x
15x  20  28 15
16
15x  20  20  28  20 x
5
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Example (continued)
3 7
Check: x 1 
4 5

3 16 7
 1 ?
4 5 5
12 5

5 5
7 7
TRUE
5 5

16
The solution is .
5
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Example - Special Case
Some equations have no solution.
24x  7  17  24x
Solve:
Solution:
24x  7  17  24
24x  24x  7  24x  17  24x
7  17

No matter what number we substitute for x, we get a

false sentence.
Thus, the equation has no solution.
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Example - Special Case
There are some equations for which any real number is a solution.

1 1
3 x   x  3
Solve: 3 3
Solution:
1 1 1 1
x  3 x  x  x  3
3 3 3 3
3 3
Replacing x with any real number gives a true sentence.
Thus any real number is a solution. The equation has
infinitely many solutions. The solution set is the set of
real numbers, {x | x is a real number}, or (–∞, ∞).
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Applications Using Linear Models

Mathematical techniques are used to answer questions

arising from real-world situations.

Linear equations and functions model many of these

situations.

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Five Steps for Problem Solving
1. Familiarize yourself with the problem situation.
Make a drawing Find further information
Assign variables Organize into a chart or table
Write a list Guess or estimate the answer
2. Translate to mathematical language or symbolism.
3. Carry out some type of mathematical manipulation.
4. Check to see whether your possible solution actually
fits the problem situation.
5. State the answer clearly using a complete sentence.

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The Motion Formula

The distance d traveled by an object moving at

rate r in time t is given by

d = rt.

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Example
• Delta Airlines’ fleet includes B737/800’s, each
with a cruising speed of 517 mph, and Saab 340B’s,
each with a cruising speed of 290 mph (Source:
Delta Airlines). Suppose that a Saab 340B takes off
and travels at its cruising speed. One hour later, a
B737/800 takes off and follows the same route,
traveling at its cruising speed. How long will it take
the B737/800 to overtake the Saab 340B?

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Example (continued)
1. Familiarize. Make a drawing showing both the known and unknown information. Let t = the
time, in hours, that the B737/800 travels before it overtakes the Saab 340B. Therefore, the Saab
340B will travel t + 1 hours before being overtaken. The planes will travel the same distance, d.

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Example (continued)
We can organize the information in a table as follows.
d = r • t
Distance Rate Time
B737/800 d 517 t
Saab 340B d 290 t+1
2. Translate. Using the formula d = rt , we get two
expressions for d:
d = 517t and d = 290(t + 1).
Since the distance are the same, the equation is:
517t = 290(t + 1)
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Example (continued)
3. Carry out. We solve the equation.
517t = 290(t + 1)
517t = 290t + 290
227t = 290
t ≈ 1.28
4. Check. If the B737/800 travels about 1.28 hours, it
travels about 517(1.28) ≈ 661.76 mi; and the Saab
340B travels about 1.28 + 1, or 2.28 hours and travels
about 290(2.28) ≈ 661.2 mi, the answer checks.
(Remember that we rounded the value of t).
5. State. About 1.28 hours after the B737/800 has taken
off, it will overtake the Saab 340B.
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Simple-Interest Formula

I = Prt

I = the simple interest ($)

P = the principal ($)
r = the interest rate (%)
t = time (years)

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Example

Damarion’s two student loans total $28,000. One

loan is at 5% simple interest and the other is at 3%
simple interest. After 1 year, Damarion owes $1040
in interest. What is the amount of each loan?

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Example (continued)
Solution:
1. Familiarize. We let x = the amount borrowed at 5%
interest. Then the remainder is $28,000 – x,
borrowed at 3% interest.
Amount Interest
Time Amount of Interest
Borrowed Rate

5% loan x 0.05 1 0.05x

3% loan 28,000 – x 0.03 1 0.03(28,000 – x)

Total 28,000 1040

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Example (continued)
2. Translate. The total amount of interest on the two
loans is $1040. Thus we write the following equation.
0.05x + 0.03(28,000  x) = 1040
3. Carry out. We solve the equation.
0.05x + 0.03(28,000  x) = 1040
0.05x + 840  0.03x = 1040
.02x + 840 = 1040
0.02x = 200
x = 10,000
If x = 10,000, then 28,000  10,000 = 18,000.
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Example (continued)
4. Check. The interest on $10,000 at 5% for 1 yr is
$10000(0.05)(1), or $500. The interest on $18,000 at
3% for 1 yr is $18000(0.03)(1) or $540. Since $500
+ $540 = $1040, the answer checks.

5. State. Damarion borrowed $10,000 at 5% interest

and $18,000 at 3% interest.

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Zeros of Linear Functions

An input c of a function f is called a zero of the

function, if the output for the function is 0 when the
input is c. That is, c is a zero of f if f (c) = 0.

A linear function f (x) = mx + b, with m  0, has

exactly one zero.

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Example
Find the zero of f (x) = 5x  9.
Algebraic Solution:
5x  9 = 0
5x = 9
x = 1.8
Visualizing the Solution:

The intercept of the graph is

(9/5, 0) or (1.8, 0).

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