Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AN AL
TI O
R A
Learning Outcomes
Develop an ability to interpret the liquidity, solvency and profitability
financial position of the business entities.
Enable users to extract useful information from financial statements
for decision making
Recommend how businesses could improve their liquidity, solvency
and profitability position.
Ratio Analysis
– Measure relationships between resources
and financial flows
– Show ways in which firm’s situation
deviates from
• Its own past
• Other firms
• The industry
Ratio Analysis
The study and interpretation of the relationships between
various financial variables, by investors or lenders.
Ratio
Ratio Analysis
Analysis -- Significance
Significance
INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Patent, Goodwill, Debit balance in P&L A/c, Preliminary
or Preoperative expenses
Some important notes
• Liabilities have Credit balance and Assets have Debit balance
• Current Liabilities are those which have either become due for payment
or shall fall due for payment within 12 months from the date of Balance
Sheet
• Current Assets are those which undergo change in their shape/form
within 12 months. These are also called Working Capital or Gross
Working Capital
• Net Worth & Long Term Liabilities are also called Long Term Sources
of Funds
• Current Liabilities are known as Short Term Sources of Funds
• Long Term Liabilities & Short Term Liabilities are also called Outside
Liabilities
• Current Assets are Short Term Use of Funds
Some important notes
• Assets other than Current Assets are Long Term Use of Funds
• Installments of Term Loan Payable in 12 months are to be taken as
Current Liability only for Calculation of Current Ratio & Quick Ratio.
• Investments in Govt. Securities to be treated current only if these
are marketable and due. Investments in other securities are to be
treated as Current if they are quoted. Investments in
allied/associate/sister units or firms to be treated as Non-current.
• Bonus Shares as issued by capitalization of General reserves and
as such do not affect the Net Worth. With Rights Issue, change
takes place in Net Worth and Current Ratio.
Groups of Financial Ratios
Liquidity
Activity
Debt
Profitability
Liquidity
Analyzing Liquidity
ready cash to pay for those liabilities. This might put the firm under pressure but
is not in itself the end of the world!
Accounts Receivable
Average Collection Period (ACP) ACP =
Annual Sales/360
Accounts
Average Payment Period (APP) Payable
APP=
Annual Purchases/360
Fixed Asset Turnover (FAT) Sales
FAT =
Net Fixed Assets
ACP:
• Shorter the better
• Gives a measure of how long it takes the business to recover debts
• Can be skewed by the degree of credit facility a firm offers
CREDITORS TURNOVER RATIO : This is also called Creditors Velocity Ratio,
which determines the creditor payment period.
APP:
• Higher the better
• Gives a measure of how long it takes the business to pay its
debts
ASSET TRUNOVER RATIO : Net
Sales/Tangible Assets
Net earnings
Total assets
Profitability Ratios
Overall Efficiency and Performance
Cost of sale included direct cost of good sold & as well as other operating
expenses administration, selling & distribution expenses
Operating ratio = Cost of good sold + operating expenses X 100
Net sale
= Operating cost X 100
Net sale
Cost of good sold = opening stock + purchase + direct expenses – closing
stock – GP
Operating expenses = administrative expenses + selling & distribution
expenses
OBJECTIVE & SIGNIFICANCE
Operating ration is the test of the operational
efficiency of the business .it shows the percentage of
sales that is absorbed by the cost of sales &
operating expenses.
This ratio serves following objective
1. To determine whether the cost content has
increased or decreased in the figure of sales.
2. To determine which element of the cost has gone
up.
Example:
Cost of good sales 6 lac
Operating expenses 40,000
Sales 8,20,000
Sales returns 20,000
Operating Ratio = Cost of good sold + operating expenses X 100
Net Sales
= 6 lac + 40000 X 100
820000-20000
= 640000 X 100
800000
= 80%
Profitability
• The higher the better
• Shows how effective the firm is in using its
capital to generate profit
• A ROCE of 25% means that it uses every
Rs.1 of capital to generate 25p in profit
• Partly a measure of efficiency in
organisation and use of capital
Key Financial Ratios
Leverage Ratios
• Debt-Equity Ratio,
• Interest Coverage Ratio,
• Debt to Total Funds Ratio,
• Fixed Asset Ratio,
SOLVENCY RATIOS
The term ‘solvency’ implies ability of an enterprise to meet
its long-term indebtedness and thus, solvency ratios convey
an enterprises ability to meet its long-term obligations. Some
important solvency ratios are :
• Debt-Equity Ratio,
• Interest Coverage Ratio,
• Debt to Total Funds Ratio,
• Proprietary Ratio
1. Debt Equity Ratio.
Large margin of
Benefits of trading on
safety available to
equity
creditors
Debt servicing is less Debt servicing is
burdensome burdensome
Interpretation
• Ratio less that 1 i.e. reflects the low – debt equity ratio.
– This shows more security available to creditors.
– This also implies a more financially stable business.
– Companies with low – debt equity ratio are less risky to creditors.
• Ratio greater that 1 i.e. reflects the high – debt equity ratio
– This shows that company has raised more debt compared to equity
to buy its’ assets.
– More debt means that the company is highly leveraged.
– The company is taking advantage of trading on equity.
– Companies with a higher debt to equity ratio are considered more
risky to creditors and investors
Objective and Significance
A. 37.5%
B. 62.5%
C. 55%
D. Nil
Calculate Debt to capital
employed Ratio:
Equity Share Capital 20,00,000
Reserves 10,00,000
10% Debentures 30,00,000
Loans From Industrial Finance corporation 20,00,000
Current liabilities 8,00,000
Rs. 80,00,000
4.) Proprietary ratio or equity
ratio
• Meaning
Establishes the relationship b/w shareholder
funds to total assets in the company.
• Formula
Shareholder Funds *100
Total assets
Interpretation
• The proprietary ratio shows the
contribution of shareholders in total capital
of the company.
• A high ratio indicates a strong financial
position of the company and greater
security for creditors.
• A low ratio proprietary indicates that the
company is already heavily depending on
debts for its operations.
• A large portion of debts in the total capital
Problem solving
• From the following information, calculate the:
a) Proprietary ratio
Formula:
ROE= PAI .
Net Worth Equity
Investment/Shareholders
Key Financial Ratios
Market Ratios
Market ratios measure returns to
stockholders and the value the
marketplace puts on a company’s stock.
Market ratios include
• earnings per common share
• price-to-earnings
• dividend payout
• dividend yield
Market Ratios
Earnings per Common Share
Earnings per Common Share
Provides the investor with a common
denominator to gauge investment
returns
Net earnings
Average shares outstanding
• The lower the PEG number, the less you
pay for each unit of future earnings
growth. So even a stock with a high P/E,
but high projected earning growth may be
a good value.
Market Ratios
Dividend Yield
Dividend Yield
Shows the relationship between cash
dividends and market price
LIABILITES ASSETS
Capital 180 Net Fixed Assets 400
Reserves 20 Inventories 150
Term Loan 300 Cash 50
Bank C/C 200 Receivables 150
Trade Creditors 50 Goodwill 50
Provisions 50
800 800
LIABIITIES ASSETS
Equity Capital 200 Net Fixed Assets 800
Preference Capital 100 Inventory 300
Term Loan 600 Receivables 150
Bank CC (Hyp) 400 Investment In Govt. 50
Security.
Sundry Creditors 100 Preliminary Expenses 100
Total 1400 1400
Q . If Net Sales is Rs.15 Lac, then What would be the Stock Turnover
Ratio in Times ? Ans : Net Sales / Average Inventories/Stock
1500 / 128 = 12 times approximately
Exercise 4. contd…
LIABILITIES ASSETS
Capital + Reserves 355 Net Fixed Assets 265
P & L Credit Balance 7 Cash 1
Loan From S F C 100 Receivables 125
Bank Overdraft 38 Stocks 128
Creditors 26 Prepaid Expenses 1
Provision of Tax 9 Intangible Assets 30
Proposed Dividend 15
550 550
Q. What is the Debtors Velocity Ratio ? If the sales are Rs. 15 Lac.
Answer : 4 x - 1 x = 30,000
Therefore x = 10,000 i.e. Current Liabilities is Rs.10,000
Hence Current Assets would be 4x = 4 x 10,000 = Rs.40,000/-
Ans : We can easily arrive at the amount of Current Asset being Rs. 30 Lac
i.e. ( Rs. 100 L - Rs. 70 L ). If the Current Ratio is 1.5 : 1, then Current
Liabilities works out to be Rs. 20 Lac. That means the aggregate of Net
Worth and Long Term Liabilities would be Rs. 80 Lacs. If the Debt Equity
Ratio is 3 : 1 then Debt works out to be Rs. 60 Lacs and equity Rs. 20 Lacs.
Therefore the Long Term Liabilities would be Rs.60 Lac.
Ans : When Total Assets is Rs.22 Lac then Current Assets would be 22 – 10
i.e Rs. 12 Lac. Thus we can easily arrive at the Current Liabilities figure which
should be Rs. 10 Lac
THANK YOU
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