Well come to distance

learning initiative
 ‫قوانين حصة التعلم عن بعد‬
.‫الحضور اليومي‬1-
.‫غلق مكبر الصوت)الميكرفون (و تشغيله فقط أثناء المناقشة‬-2
.‫االلتزام الكامل مع المعلم طول فترة الحصة‬-3
.‫المشاركة الفعالة و التفاعل اإليجابي مع المهمات‬-4
.(‫التحدث بلغة سليمة )العربية و اإلنجليزية‬-5
.‫عدم التردد في سؤال المعلم في حال وجود أي استفسار‬-6
.‫يمنع تسجيل الحصص اإللكترونية ألن ذلك سيعرضك للمساءلة القانونية‬-7
Rules of Distance Learning
.Daily attendance -1
.Turning-off microphones and use it only on decisions-2
.Focusing fully on the teachers-3
.Participation and positive interactions are encouraged in the class-4
Using correct language on the decisions(Arabic and English)-5
.Do not hesitate if you have any questions-6
.Recording the class electronically can cause legal concerns-7
 -Review some genetic concepts

Answer-

.Write in a journal three things you learned today-

Chapter 1 Complex Inheritance
and Human Heredity

Section 3:
Chromosomes and Human Heredity
First let’s review some genetic
concepts
The red chromosome come from one parent and
the orange come from the other parent
Section 3: Chromosomes and Human Heredity

Our lesson today

page 19
 .Chromosomes can be studied using karyotypes
Real-World Reading Link Have you ever lost one of the playing pieces
belonging to a game? You might not have been able to play the game
because the missing piece was important. Just as a misplaced game piece
,affects a game
.a missing chromosome has a significant impact on the organism
 Microscopic image of Microscopic image of
Chromosome smear Karyotype

? What is the difference between the two images

 KARYOTYPE STUDIES
• Karyotype is a micrograph (picture) of chromosomes at
metaphase arranged by size in homologous pairs.

• Twenty-two pairs of autosomes are the same for males

and females.(homologous pairs)

• Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.

(non-homologous pairs) and females have two X
chromosomes.(homologous pairs)

• Karyotypes are useful for detecting chromosome

abnormalities
 When the image of
?chromosomes could taken
During metaphase in mitosis
Each chromosome has
condensed and consists of 2
.sister chromatids

The pairs of homologous

Staining the chromosomes chromosomes are arranged in
decreasing size  Karyotype
Figure 17 Karyotypes arrange the pairs of homologous chromosomes from
increasing to decreasing size

Distinguish which two chromosomes are arranged

separately from the other pairs? The X and Y chromosomes
 compare

.……Each autosome chromosomes

)matched- non matched( )matched- non matched(
.……Sex chromosomes
)matched- non matched( )matched- non matched(

Karyotype for……… Karyotype for………

?What are the similarities and differences between the two karyotypes

Male karyotype Female karyotype

Differences Similarities
Sex chromosome: -Show the chromosomes lined up in pairs.
male : XY -Show in metaphase stage (consisting of 2
female : XX chromatids)
-arranged from large to small chromosmes
KARYOTYPE STUDIES
•Karyotypes is a study used by scientists to study
The whole chromosomes using images of chromosomes stained
.during metaphase (mitosis)
•Thestaining bands identify (mark) identical places on homologous
chromosomes.
•Arranged by decreasing size of the sister chromatids.
•22 autosome chromosomes are arranged first.
•Sex chromosomes X’s & Y’s are placed last.
•Information that karyotypes can give us are:
.Sex of the individual-1
.detecting chromosome abnormalities-2
 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Complete

____________micrograph in which the pairs of homologous

chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size.

Chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size to

produce a ___________.
Scientists have found that At the ends of each
chromosomes are
protective caps

:Called
Telomere
 Let's go:
protective caps for
What is it? chromosomes

page 19
Telomeres

What dose it consist of?

Function DNA associated with proteins
Serves a protective function for-1
the structure of the chromosome
Involved in both aging and cancer-2
 ‫معلومة‬
‫إثرائية‬

Telomeres
• Prevent one chromosome
form binding to another
chromosome (not sticky)
‫معلومة‬
‫إثرائية‬
‫معلومة‬
‫إثرائية‬
 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Listen and answer

Complete

___________ caps consist of DNA

associated with proteins.

Serves a ___________function for the

structure of the chromosome
Comment on your work
 Exit

Let's go:
Review some genetic concepts
 Normal
cell
Meiosis 1 division

1n Meiosis 11

Fertilization

2n 2n 2n 2n
NONDISJUNCTION

-Failure of chromosomes to separate during cell division.

-Results in one cell getting too many chromosomes and one
cell not getting enough.
-If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis the resulting
gametes could form an organism with every cell having an
incorrect chromosome number.
 Abnormal cell division
2n A Meiosis 1 When the nondisjunction
?occurred
B C The resulting gametes
Meiosis 11 ( have / not have)
the correct number of
chromosomes.

Draw the cells

after fertilization

2n+1 2n+1 Fertilization

2n-1 2n-1
 Abnormal cell division
2n A
When the nondisjunction
Meiosis 1
?occurred

B C Identify gametes has

normal and gametes
Meiosis 11
has abnormal number
of chromosomes.
Determine
chromosome
number in cells
after fertilizing

Fertilization
2n 2n 2n+1 2n-1
NONDISJUNCTION
is when the sister chromatids fail to separate during
cell division.
 NONDISJUNCTION

Occur.. Definition
The resulting gametes
In any organism
Not have the Is when the
in which gametes
correct number sister chromatids
are produced
of chromosomes fail to separate
through meiosis
during cell
The correct number of gamete division
chromosome= 23
Nondisjunction can result extra or only one copy of particular
chromosome (24 or 22 chromosomes)
 NONDISJUNCTION

Disorder Abnormal gametes

Serious human When fertilizes with
disorders which normal gamete, offspring
are often are will not have correct
fatal number of chromosomes
1- have extra copies
2n+1 (trisomy)
2- have one missing copy
2n-1 (monosomy)
Gametes with abnormal
numbers of chromosomes
can result from
nondisjunction during
.meiosis
The orange chromosomes
come from one parent
(sperm), and the blue
chromosomes come from
.the other parent (egg)
DOWN SYNDROME
• Results of parental gamete nondisjunction resulting in
trisomy (three chromosomes ) of chromosome #21.
?Why is called trisomy 21

Male/
copies of chromosome 21 3
female
Symptoms(characteristics)
include:
1-distinctive facial features,
2-short stature,
3-heart defects,
4-mental retardation.
 What is the relationship The frequency of Down syndrome
between the age of mother increases with the age of mother
and the chance of having (the risk 6% in mother who are
?child with Down syndrome 45 and older)
Nondisjunction of Sex Chromosomes

2n-1 2n-1
2n+1
Write genotype and phenotype for offspring
 📌Nondisjunction occurred in…....... Use the photo to
(mother/father)cell answer question
📌Nondisjunction occurred in…………….
(autosome/sex chromosome)
📌Whrite the appropriate #

Death

Nearly normal female

1 2
Klineflter’ syndrome

Turner’s syndrome 4
3
 Activity 2

• the student to use the resources available on

LMS, net and to draw a diagram to illustrate
the nondisjunction during meiosis.

• The student conducts a research focusing on:

The results of nondisjunction in meiosis other
than Trisomy 21 syndrome(Karyotype- the
nondisjunction diagram- some information
about this conditions)
Then put your worksheet in the LMS Activity 2
Illustrate 📌Turner’s Syndrome female suffer from Think
Critically
Red-green blindness, although her parents are
normal?

📌 What problem do the chromosomes have during meiosis in

an individual with Kleinfelter’s?
The two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome line up together,
so improper pairing occurs during meiosis, making the presence
of abnormal gametes more likely
Complete the table Think
Critically
Number of Barr
bodies Phenotype Condition

XY
XXY
XX
X0
XXX
XYY
Comment on your work
 Exit

Let's go:
 Self
learning
P:22-23
 Self
learning Fetal Testing
P:22-23

Resort

Couples

Who suspect they might be Older couples to know

carriers for certain genetic the chromosomal status
disorder
Do activity screen shoot and send on
LMS
Read the paragraph
page 23 and
summarize it
1-

2-

3-

4-
NONDISJUNCTION

-Nondisjunction is when the sister chromatids fail to separate.

-If nondisjunction occurs either during Meiosis I or Meiosis II the
gametes will not have the correct number of chromosomes.
-Results: gametes either have an extra chromosome or is missing a
chromosome
-Trisomy is when you have a set of 3 chromosomes of one kind.
-Monosomy is when you have only one chromosome of one kind.
-In humans, altering the # of chromosomes is associated with serious
human disorders or death (fatal).
 to determine the sex of the individual, whether the proper number of .1
chromosomes are there, whether there is extra or missing chromosomal
material
.Telomeres protect chromosomes .2
.Sketches should demonstrate an understanding of nondisjunction .3
Males only receive one X and one Y, so missing sections could contain .4
genes that are vital. With females who have two X’s, deletion in one X
.could be made up for by the other
Answer should show understanding of karyotype and show that the .5
individual has three copies of chromosome 3
benefits = discovery of genetic problem; risk = harm to fetus .6
Paragraphs should show understanding of nondisjunction. Paragraphs .7
.should not describe Down syndrome
 Study the lesson at
home  page 19→23
Activity Lab Manual -Page 8+9