MODULE 1

NATURE OF INQUIRY
AND RESEARCH
by: Robbie D. Pineda
LESSON 2
The Characteristics,
Processes, and Ethics of
Research
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MEANING OF RESEARCH
Research is defined as the
scientific investigation of
phenomena which includes
collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of
facts that lines an individual‘s
speculation with reality.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Empirical. Research is
based on direct experience
or observation by the
researcher.
2. Logical. Research is
based on valid procedures
and principles.
Source: Calmorin and Calmorin, Research Methods and Thesis Writing.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical
process because it starts with a
problem and ends with a problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes
proven analytical procedures in
gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and
experimental and case study.
Source: Calmorin and Calmorin, Research Methods and Thesis Writing.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
5. Critical. Research exhibits
careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical. Research is
conducted in a methodical
manner without bias using
systematic method and
procedures.
Source: Calmorin and Calmorin, Research Methods and Thesis Writing.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
7. Replicability. The research
design and procedures are
replicated or repeated to
enable the researcher to
arrive at valid and conclusive
results.

Source: Calmorin and Calmorin, Research Methods and Thesis Writing.

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PROCESS OF RESEARCH
1. Select a general problem.
2. Review the literature of the
problem.
3. Select a specific research
problem, question, or
hypothesis.
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PROCESS OF RESEARCH
4. Collect data.
5. Analyze and present or
display data.
6. Interpret the findings and
state conclusions or
generalizations regarding the
problem
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Factors to Consider in Selecting a

Research Problem
1. Researcher‘s area of
interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and
training
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ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Ethics generally is considered to
deal with beliefs about what is
right or wrong, proper or improper,
good or bad. According to a
dictionary definition (Webster‘s
1968), to be ethical is to conform
to accepted professional practice.
Source: Biglete, ―Ethical Considerations in Conducting Research‖.
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Ethical considerations in conducting research

1. Objectivity and integrity

2. Respect of the research
subjects‘ right to privacy and
dignity and protection of subjects
from personal harm
3. Presentation of research
findings
Source: Biglete, ―Ethical Considerations in Conducting Research‖.
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Ethical considerations in conducting research

4. Misuse of research role

5. Acknowledgement of research
collaboration and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by
sponsor

Source: Biglete, ―Ethical Considerations in Conducting Research‖.

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Unethical practices in conducting research

1. Deceiving a respondent about the

true purpose of a study
2. Asking a respondent questions that
cause him or her extreme
embarrassment; guilt emotional turmoil
by remaining him or her of an
unpleasant experience
3. Invading the privacy of a respondent
Source: Biglete, ―Ethical Considerations in Conducting Research‖.
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Unethical practices in conducting research

4. Studying the respondents or research

subjects without their knowledge
5. When analyzing the data—revealing
only part of the facts, presenting facts
out of context, falsifying findings or
offering misleading presentation such as
lying with statistics

Source: Biglete, ―Ethical Considerations in Conducting Research‖.

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Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines

R.A. 8293

Contains provisions regarding published

works and copyright ownership.

Source: Biglete, ―Ethical Considerations in Conducting Research‖.

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THANK YOU!