Professional Documents
Culture Documents
uk
• Variable Costs
• Fixed Costs
Variable costs are costs that change with changes in production
levels or sales. Examples include: Costs of materials used in the
production of the goods. This is also referred as direct cost of
.
the company Direct material, direct labor, direct variable cost
• TOTAL COSTS
– Total Costs is simply Fixed Costs and Variable Costs
added together.
TC = FC + VC
– As Total Costs include some of the Variable Costs then
Total Costs will also change with any changes in
output/sales.
– If output/sales rise then so will Total Costs.
– If output/sales fall then so will Total Costs.
Break-Even Analysis http://www.bized.ac.uk
Fixed Costs:
• Rent: Rs.400
• Helper (Wages): Rs.200
Variable Costs:
• Flowers: Rs.50 per unit
Selling Price:
• Flowers: Rs.2 per unit
So we know that:
Total Fixed Costs = Rs.600
Variable Cost per Unit = Rs.0.50
Selling Price per Unit = Rs.2.00
Break-Even Analysis SP = £2.00
http://www.bized.ac.uk
VC = £0.50
FC = £600
For example:
J Bannerman sells cricket bats. How much profit/loss is
made when 5000 cricket bats are sold?
VC = Rs.10.00
Firstly, calculate Unit Contribution
FC = Rs.24,000
SP – VC = Unit Contribution
Sales = 5,000 units
Rs.20.00 – Rs.10.00 = Rs.10.00
Now calculate Total Contribution when 5,000 golf
clubs are sold
Unit Contribution x no of units = Total Contribution
£10.00 x 5,000 = £50,000
Now calculate Net Profit at 5,000 units
Total Contribution – Fixed Costs = Net Profit
£50,000 - £24,000 = £26,000
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Rent Rs.1,050
Insurance Rs. 200
Caroline Wilson owns a florist shop. Total FC Rs.1,250
She buys each bunch of flowers for Rs.1.49 and special
wrapping paper for Rs.3 per roll. Each roll of
wrapping paper will wrap 300 bunches of flowers. Rent
of her premises is Rs.1,050 per month and she pays
monthly insurance of Rs.200. Caroline sells each
bunch of flowers for Rs.2.50.
Calculate the Break even point and revenue 11. Monthly
profitability
Break-Even Analysis and Target profithttp://www.bized.ac.uk
concept
Another Example
Break-Even Analysis
The formulae used so far assumes that Unit Costs
are known ie Unit Selling Price and Unit
Variable
Cost.
When no unit costs are known, the Profit/Volume
Ratio should be used instead
Contribution to sales ratio (C/S) http://www.bized.ac.uk
BEP
FC
Q1 Output/Sales
http://www.bized.ac.uk
BEP
BEP
FC
Q2 Q1 Output/Sales
LIMITING FACTORS http://www.bized.ac.uk
C A
Demand 10,000 5,000
Labour hrs/unit 3 4
Assumptions Continued
Analysis
• Some costs cannot be identified as precisely
Fixed or Variable
• Semi-variable costs cannot be easily
accommodated in break-even analysis
• Costs and revenues tend not to be constant
• With Fixed costs the assumption that they
are constant over the whole range of output
from zero to maximum capacity is unrealistic
Limitations Continued http://www.bized.ac.uk