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Fluvial Processes - PowerPressed
Fluvial Processes - PowerPressed
1. Manning Equation
1.Manning Equation
v = R 2/3 S ½
n
Where
v = average flow velocity
r = hydraulic radius
s = channel slope (unitless)
n = Manning roughness coefficient
R = A/P
A = Area
P = Wetted Perimeter
Q = A R 2/3 S ½
N
Where
Q = average flow discharge
A = area of channel
R = hydraulic radius
S = channel slope (unitless)
n = Manning roughness coefficient
R = A/P
A = Area
P = Wetted Perimeter
I. The River Channel
B. Flow Equations and Resisting Forces
1. Manning Equation
2. Chezy Equation
V = C *(RS)1/2
II. Sediment in Channels
A. Transportation
1. Suspended load
2. Bedload
Q = V*A
III. The Quasi-Equilibrium Condition
A. Hydraulic Geometry
Q = V*A
Q=V*w*d
III. The Quasi-Equilibrium Condition
A. Hydraulic Geometry
Q = V*A
Q=V*w*d
w = aQb
d = cQ f
v = kQ m
M = 0.26
A. Hydraulic Geometry
M = 0.34
M = 0.5
A. Hydraulic Geometry
M = 0.4
“distance downstream trends”
M = 0.1
Distance Downstream
Q W d V
10.1 33.3 0.71 0.43
11.3 31.5 0.67 0.54
15 38 0.79 0.5
28.9 38 0.94 0.81
56.8 40.7 1.1 1.27
106 29.1 2.14 1.7
119 44.5 1.95 1.37
125 42.5 1.58 1.86
132 42 1.9 1.66
133 30 2.08 2.13
181 43 1.9 2.22
201 43 2.04 2.29
312 55 2.24 2.54
494 70 6.04 1.17
503 66 3.47 2.2
629 73 3.7 2.33
674 71 4.55 2.09
1100 72.5 4.97 3.06
1740 75 5.56 4.17
2930 215 3.38 4.04
250
200
width, depth and velocities
150
y = 14.904x0.2375
100
50
y = 0.2754x0.395
y = 0.2448x0.3669
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Q - Discharge
1000
100
0.2375
y = 14.904x
width, depth and velocity (ft,s)
W
10
0.395
y = 0.2754x
y = 0.2448x0.3669
1 D
V
0.1
1 10 100 1000 10000
Discharge (cfs)
B. The Influence of Slope
Slope
(ft/mi)
B. The Influence of Slope
III. The Quasi-Equilibrium Condition
C. Channel Shape ….in cross section:
F = 255M-1.08
Straight
Meandering
Braided
`
IV. Channel Patterns
Meanders…….
IV. Channel Patterns
Meanders…….
IV. Channel Patterns
Meanders…….
IV. Channel Patterns
Meanders…….
Meanders…….
A few final words on stream form….
braided
A few final words on stream form….
Anastomosing channels
braided
A few final words on stream form….
A few final words on stream form….
The factors responsible are……
A few final words on stream form….
V = C *(DS)1/2
V = velocity
C = roughness
D = depth of flow
S = slope of channel
V = C *(DS)1/2
V = velocity
C = roughness
D = depth of flow
S = slope of channel
The change in slope is a RESPONSE to changes in channel shape,
NOT a cause of braiding
Increasing the slope of a stream DOES NOT cause it to braid.
V. Rivers, Equilibrium, and Time
“the profile of streams”
knickpoints
V. Rivers, Equilibrium, and Time
the graded river: (page 227)
V. Rivers, Equilibrium, and Time
Factors affecting
stream morphology
• Width
• Depth
• Slope
• Velocity
• Discharge
• Flow resistance
• Sediment size
• Sediment load
Leopold et al (1964)
V. Rivers, Equilibrium, and Time