Overview of PL/SQL: Presented For GCP-EBDP Team (AT & T) 22 December 2008

Presented For GCP-EBDP
Team ( AT & T )
22 December 2008
Overview of PL/SQL
SRINIVAS PUSHPALA
AT&T - GCP-EBDB Team
Overview
PL/SQL is a procedural language extension to SQL,
the standard data access language for relational
databases.
 PL/SQL offers modern software engineering

features such as
 Data Encapsulation
 Exception Handling
 Information Hiding,
 Object orientation
 Brings state-of-the art programming to the Oracle
Server and toolset.
2 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

PL/SQL
Difference between SQL and PL/SQL

SQL PL/SQL
 4GL 3&4GL
 Includes only Data Data Manipulation and

Manipulation Logic Processing Logic
 More no. of Network Less no. of network

Round Trips to server round trips to server
in client- server Scenario since the request is sent
in blocks.

PL/SQL
 Block Structure
 PL/SQL is a block-structured language. That is, the
basic units (procedures, functions, and anonymous
blocks) that make up a PL/SQL program are logical
blocks, which can contain any number of nested sub-
blocks. Typically, each logical block corresponds to a
problem or subproblem to be solved. Thus, PL/SQL
supports the divide-and-conquer approach to problem
solving called stepwise refinement.

PL/SQL
 PL/SQL block has three parts:

 DECLARATIONS
 EXECUTION
 EXCEPTION-HANDLING.
Block Structure
Declare
--declarations
Begin
-- statements
[EXCEPTION
--- handlers]
END;

PL/SQL
 DECLARATION SECTION:
 Variables and Constants
 Variables can be used for:
• Temporary storage of data
• Manipulation of stored values
• Reusability
• Ease of maintenance
 Variable Types
- Scalar
- Composite
- Reference
- LOB (large objects)

PL/SQL
 Guidelines for Declaring PL//SQL Variables

• Follow naming conventions.
• Initialize variables designated as NOT NULL
 Constant
• Declare one identifier per line.
• Initialize identifiers by using the assignment
operator (:=) or the DEFAULT reserved word.

PL/SQL
 Scalar Datatypes
- Char [(maximum length)]
- Varchar [(maximum length)]
- LONG
- LONG RAW
- NUMBER [(precision, scale)]
- BINARY_INTEGER
- PLS_INTEGER
- BOOLEAN
- DATE
- TIMESTAMP

PL/SQL
 %TYPE
Can be used to create variable with the same attribute
as the column in a type
Ex:
 v_name employees.last_name%TYPE;
 v_balance NUMBER(7,2);
 v_min_balance v_balance%TYPE :=10;

PL/SQL
Bind Variables
PLSQL does not have any input output capability of its own
can reference substitution variables within a PLSQL with a
preceding ampersand isql* plus host (or "bind") variables
can be used to pass runtime values out of the PLSQL block
back to isql* plus environment.
Ex.
VARIABLE g_salary NUMBER

BEGIN
SELECT sal
INTO :g_salary
FROM emp
WHERE empno = 7698;
END;
/
PRINT g_salary

PL/SQL
 Variables can have any SQL datatype

Data types
- CHAR
- DATE
- NUMBER
- BOOLEAN
- BINARY_INTEGER.
Ex:
part_no NUMBER(4); -- variable named part_no
to hold 4-digit numbers
in_stock BOOLEAN; -- variable named

in_stock to hold the Boolean value TRUE or FALSE
PL/SQL
You can also declare nested tables, variable-size arrays

(varrays for short), and records using the TABLE, VARRAY,
and RECORD composite datatypes.
Assigning Variables:
a. :=
b. select or fetch database values into it
Ex.
a. tax := price * tax_rate;
bonus := current_salary * 0.10;
amount := TO_NUMBER(SUBSTR('750 dollars', 1, 3));
valid := FALSE;
b. SELECT sal * 0.10 INTO bonus FROM emp WHERE empno =

emp_id;

PL/SQL
 Declaring Constants
credit_limit CONSTANT REAL := 5000.00;

PL/SQL
 EXECUTION SECTION:
Can contain SQL Queries and Procedural Logic
 Ex:
 Insert the data into Hike_emp for the following
1. Increase commission of all employees in sales by 50%
2. Provide commission of all employees in Accounting by 25% of
salary
SQL> SELECT D.DNAME, E.ENAME, E.JOB, E.SAL, E.COMM
2 FROM EMP E LEFT OUTER JOIN (SELECT DEPTNO, DNAME
FROM DEPT WHERE DNAME IN ('SALES', 'ACCOUNTING
')) D ON D.DEPTNO = E.DEPTNO;
OUTPUT:

PL/SQL
 OUTPUT:
DNAME ENAME JOB SAL COMM
-------------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
SMITH CLERK 800
SALES ALLEN SALESMAN 1600 300
SALES WARD SALESMAN 1250 500
JONES MANAGER 2975
SALES MARTIN SALESMAN 1250 1400
SALES BLAKE MANAGER 2850
ACCOUNTING CLARK MANAGER 2450
SCOTT ANALYST 3000
ACCOUNTING KING PRESIDENT 5000
SALES TURNER SALESMAN 1500 0
ADAMS CLERK 1100
-------------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
SALES JAMES CLERK 950
FORD ANALYST 3000
ACCOUNTING MILLER CLERK 1300
14 rows selected.

PL/SQL
DECLARE
DVar1 VARCHAR(25);
DVar2 VARCHAR(25);
BEGIN
DVar1 := 'SALES';
DVar2 := 'ACCOUNTING';
INSERT INTO HIKE_EMP ( EMPNO,
ENAME,
JOB,
MGR,
HIREDATE,
SAL,
COMM,
DEPTNO)
SELECT EMPNO,
ENAME,
JOB,
MGR,
HIREDATE,
SAL,
COMM + COMM * .50 AS COMM,
DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = (SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE DNAME= DVar1);

PL/SQL
INSERT INTO HIKE_EMP ( EMPNO,

ENAME,
JOB,
MGR,
HIREDATE,
SAL,
COMM,
DEPTNO)
SELECT EMPNO,
ENAME,
JOB,
MGR,
HIREDATE,
SAL,
SAL * .25 AS COMM,
DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = (SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE DNAME = DVar2);
COMMIT;
END;
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

PL/SQL
Verify :
SQL> SELECT D.DNAME, E.ENAME, E.JOB,

E.SAL, E.COMM FROM HIKE_EMP E
LEFT OUTER JOIN
(SELECT DEPTNO, DNAME FROM DEPT WHERE
DNAME IN ('SALES', 'ACCOUNTING')) D ON
D.DEPTNO = E.DEPTNO;

PL/SQL
 Output:
--------------
---------- --------- ----------
----------
SALES ALLEN SALESMAN 1600 450
SALES WARD SALESMAN 1250 750
SALES MARTIN SALESMAN 1250 2100
SALES BLAKE MANAGER 2850
SALES TURNER SALESMAN 1500 0
SALES JAMES CLERK 950
ACCOUNTING CLARK MANAGER 2450 612.5
ACCOUNTING KING PRESIDENT 5000 1250
ACCOUNTING MILLER CLERK 1300 325
9 rows selected.

PL/SQL
 EXCEPTION/ERROR HANDLING:
- Allows you to handle Oracle Errors using Error
handling Routines
- You can create user defined errors and handle them
using Error handling routines.
Exceptions are designed for Runtime errors

and compilations errors are reported by SQL engine.

PL/SQL
 Predefined Exceptions
Ex.
SQL> begin
2 select empname from emp;
3 end;
4 /
select empname from emp;
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-06550: line 2, column 8:
PL/SQL: ORA-00904: "EMPNAME": invalid identifier
ORA-06550: line 2, column 1:
PL/SQL: SQL Statement ignored

PL/SQL
Please refer the attached PDF for list of

predefined exceptions.
Adobe Acrobat
Document

PL/SQL
Ex:
SQL> set serveroutput on

SQL> Declare
2 errormsg varchar(25);
3 begin
4 select ename into errormsg from emp where ename = 'abc';
5 exception
6 when no_data_found then
7 dbms_output.put_line ('Empname not found');
8 end;
9 /
Empname not found

PL/SQL
 User Defined Exceptions
- Raised by Programmer for better handling of

RAISING EXCEPTIONS
User-defined exceptions are raised explicitly via the RAISE statement.
Ex:
SQL> DECLARE
2 e exception;
3 BEGIN
4 raise e;
5 EXCEPTION
6 when e then
7 dbms_output.put_line('e is raised');
8 END;
9 /
e is raised

PL/SQL
Using OTHERS Exception to handle Unhandled excepions

Ex:
SQL> Declare
2 errormsg varchar(25);
3 begin
4 select ename into errormsg from emp where ename = 'abc';
5 exception
6 When others then
7 dbms_output.put_line('Error Code:' || SQLCODE);
8 dbms_output.put_line('Error Message:' || SQLERRM);
9 end;
10 /
Error Code:100
Error Message:ORA-01403: no data found

PL/SQL
 Writing Control Structures

 CONDITIONAL IF Statement
Used to change the logical flow of execution of Statemens
 SYNTAX:
IF condition THEN
statements;
[ELSIF condition THEN
statements;]
[ELSE
statements;]
END IF;
Syntax:
If the employee

PL/SQL
EX:
Program to show employee and his designation drawing highest
salary
SQL> declare
2 vEmpname varchar(25);
3 vJob varchar(25);
4 begin
5 select ename into vEmpname from emp where sal = (select
max(sal) from emp);
6 select job into vJob from emp where sal = (select max(sal)
from emp);
7 if vJob = 'CLERK' then
8 dbms_output.put_line(vEmpname || 'is a ' || vJob);
9 elsif vJob = 'SALESMAN' then
11 elsif vJob = 'MANAGER' then

PL/SQL
12 dbms_output.put_line('Oops ' || vEmpname || 'is a ' || vJob);

13 elsif vJob = 'ANALYST' then
15 elsif vJob = 'PRESIDENT' then
16 dbms_output.put_line('Oops ' || vEmpname || 'is a ' || vJob);
17 else
19 end if;
20 end;
21 /
Output:
Oops KING is a PRESIDENT

PL/SQL
 CASE Statement
Used to select one of several alternatives
 SYNTAX:
CASE selector
WHEN expression1 THEN result1
WHEN expression2 THEN result2
...
WHEN expressionN THEN resultN
[ELSE resultN+1;]
END;

PL/SQL
Ex:
PLSQL showing employee earning max salary and his designation
SQL> declare
2 vEmpname varchar(25);
3 vJob varchar(25);
4 vSal Number(9,2);
5 vMsg varchar(255);
6 begin
7 select ename, job, sal into vEmpname, vJob, vSal from emp
where sal = (select max(sal) from e
mp);
8 Case vJob
9 When 'CLERK' then
10 vMsg := vEmpname || 'is a ' || vJob || 'Earning ' || to_char(vSal);
11 When 'SALESMAN' then

PL/SQL

13 WHEN 'MANAGER' then
14 vMsg := 'Oops ' || vEmpname || 'is a ' || vJob || 'Earning ' ||
to_char(vSal);
15 WHEN 'ANALYST' then
17 WHEN 'PRESIDENT' then
18 vMsg := 'Oops ' || vEmpname || 'is a ' || vJob || 'Earning ' ||
to_char(vSal);
19 else
21 End Case;
22 dbms_output.put_line(vMsg);
23 End;
24 /
output:
Oops KINGis a PRESIDENT Earning 5000

PL/SQL
 Iterative Control: Loop Statements

Loops repeat the statement or sequence of statements multiple
times
 There are 3 types of Loop

- Basic Loop
- For Loop
- While Loop
Basic Loop
- Executes the statements atleast once before checking for the
condition.
- Explicitly increment the loop value

PL/SQL
Syntax:
LOOP
statement1;-- delimiter
. . .-- statements
EXIT [WHEN condition];
END LOOP;
condition is a Boolean variable or

expression (TRUE, FALSE, or NULL);

PL/SQL
 Ex.
Count Program
SQL> DECLARE
2 i number := 1;
3 BEGIN
4 loop
5 dbms_output.put_line('i = ' || i);
6 i := i + 1;
7 exit when i > 5;
8 end loop;
9 END;
 Output:
i=1
i=2
i=3
i=4
i=5

PL/SQL
 For Loop
- Executes the statements in the loop only after
checking for the condition
- Automatically increments the loop value
 Syntax:
For <loop_counter_variable> in
low_bound..high_bound loop
Sequence of statements;
End loop;

PL/SQL
 Ex:
SQL> declare
2 i number := 1;
3 begin
4 for i in 1..5 loop
5 dbms_output.put_line('i =' || i);
6 end loop;
7 end;
8 /
 output:
i =1
i =2
i =3
i =4
i =5

PL/SQL
 While Loop
- Check for the condition before execution of
statements
- Increments loop value explicitly
 Syntax:
While <condition> loop
Sequence of statements;
End loop;

PL/SQL
 Ex:
SQL> declare
2 i number := 1;
3 begin
4 while i<5 loop
5 dbms_output.put_line('i= ' || i);
6 i:= i+1;
7 end loop;
8 end;
9 /
 output:
i= 1
i= 2
i= 3
i= 4

PL/SQL
Nested Loops and labels

...
BEGIN
<<Outer_loop>>
LOOP
v_counter := v_counter+1;
EXIT WHEN v_counter>10;
<<Inner_loop>>
LOOP
...
EXIT Outer_loop WHEN total_done = 'YES';
-- Leave both loops
EXIT WHEN inner_done = 'YES';
-- Leave inner loop only
...
END LOOP Inner_loop;
...
END LOOP Outer_loop;
END;

PL/SQL
 BENEFITS of PL/SQL
1. PLSQL is portable
2. You can program with procedural Language control
Structures

Advanced PL/SQL
 Overview of Subprograms
A subprogram:
• Is a named PL/SQL block that can accept parameters
and be invoked from a calling environment
• Is of two types:
– A procedure that performs one of more actions
– A function that computes and returns a value
• Is based on standard PL/SQL block structure
• Provides modularity, reusability, extensibility,
and maintainability
• Provides easy maintenance, improved data security
and integrity, improved performance, and improved
code clarity

Advanced PL/SQL
 Stored Procedure:
• A procedure is a type of subprogram that performs
an action.
• A procedure can be stored in the database, as a
schema object, for repeated execution.
 Syntax:
CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name
[(parameter1 [mode1] datatype1,
parameter2 [mode2] datatype2,
. . .)]
IS|AS
PL/SQL Block;

Advanced PL/SQL
 Formal Versus Actual Parameters

CREATE PROCEDURE raise_sal(p_id NUMBER, p_amount
NUMBER)
...
END raise_sal;
raise_sal(v_id, 2000)
• Formal parameters: variables declared in the
parameter list of a subprogram specification
Example:
CREATE PROCEDURE raise_sal(p_id NUMBER, p_amount
NUMBER)
...
END raise_sal;
• Actual parameters: variables or expressions
referenced in the parameter list of a subprogram call
Example:
raise_sal(v_id, 2000)

Advanced PL/SQL
The REPLACE option indicates that if the procedure

exists, it will be dropped and replaced with the
new version created by the statement.
• PL/SQL block starts with either BEGIN or the
declaration of local variables and ends with either
END or END procedure_name.

Advanced PL/SQL
PARAMETER MODES
In (Default)
Out
In out

Advanced PL/SQL
 IN
 In parameter will act as pl/sql constant.
 OUT
 Out parameter will act as unintialized variable.
 You cannot provide a default value to an out
parameter.
 An actual parameter corresponding to an out formal
parameter must be a variable.
 IN OUT
 In out parameter will act as initialized variable.
 An actual parameter corresponding to an in out
formal parameter must be a variable.

Advanced PL/SQL
 Ex:
 IN parameter:
 SQL> create or replace procedure disp_employee_details(empid
in number)
2 as
3 Begin
4 declare
5 cursor c is select * from emp;
6 begin
7 for tmp in c loop
8 if tmp.empno = empid then
9 dbms_output.put_line('Empid :' || tmp.empno);
10 dbms_output.put_line('Empname :' || tmp.ename);
11 dbms_output.put_line('Salary :' || tmp.sal);
12 dbms_output.put_line('Job :' || tmp.job);

Advanced PL/SQL
13 dbms_output.put_line('Manager :' || tmp.mgr);

14 end if;
15 end loop;
16 end;
17 End disp_employee_details;
18 /
Procedure created.
Invoking stored Procedure :
call disp_employee_details(7369);
 output:
Empid :7369
Empname :SMITH
Salary :800
Job :CLERK
Manager :7902

Advanced PL/SQL
 OUT Parameter:
 SQL> create or replace procedure show_emp(empid in number,

empname out varchar2, salary out number,
2 desig out varchar2)

3 is
4 begin
5 select ename, sal, job into empname, salary, desig
6 from emp
7 where empno = empid;
8 end show_emp;
9 /
Procedure created.

Advanced PL/SQL
 SQL> variable vEmpname varchar2(25);

 SQL> variable vEmpsal NUMBER;
 SQL> variable vEmpDesig varchar2(25);
 SQL> exec show_emp(7369, :vEmpname, :vEmpsal, :vEmpDesig);
 PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
 SQL> print vEmpname
 VEMPNAME
 --------------------------------
 SMITH
 SQL> print vEmpsal;
 VEMPSAL
 ----------
 800
 SQL> print vEmpDesig;

 VEMPDESIG
 --------------------------------
 CLERK

Advanced PL/SQL
 IN OUT PARAMETER
 SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE
format_phone
2 (p_phone_no IN OUT VARCHAR2)
3 IS
4 BEGIN
5 p_phone_no := '(' || SUBSTR(p_phone_no,1,3) ||
6 ')' || SUBSTR(p_phone_no,4,3) ||
7 '-' || SUBSTR(p_phone_no,7);
8 END format_phone;
9 /
Procedure created.
Advanced PL/SQL
SQL> VARIABLE g_phone_no VARCHAR2(15)

SQL> BEGIN
2 :g_phone_no := '8006330575';
3 END;
4 /
SQL> PRINT g_phone_no
G_PHONE_NO
--------------------------------
8006330575
SQL> EXECUTE format_phone (:g_phone_no)
SQL> PRINT g_phone_no
G_PHONE_NO
--------------------------------
(800)633-0575

Advanced PL/SQL
 Invoking Functions as Expressions

 Ex:
 SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION tax(p_value
IN NUMBER)
2 RETURN NUMBER IS
3 BEGIN
4 RETURN (p_value * 0.08);
5 END tax;
6 /
Function created.

Advanced PL/SQL
 SQL> SELECT empno, ename, sal, tax(sal)

2 FROM emp
3 WHERE deptno = 10;
EMPNO ENAME SAL TAX(SAL)

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7782 CLARK 2450 196
7839 KING 5000 400
7934 MILLER 1300 104
 Benefits of Stored Procedures and Functions

• Improved performance
• Easy maintenance
• Improved data security and integrity
• Improved code clarity

PL/SQL
 STORED FUNCTIONS
 Overview of Stored Functions

• A function is a named PL/SQL block that returns
a value.
• A function can be stored in the database as a
schema object for repeated execution.
• A function is called as part of an expression.

Advanced PL/SQL
 Syntax:
CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name

[(parameter1 [mode1] datatype1,
parameter2 [mode2] datatype2,
. . .)]
RETURN datatype
IS|AS
PL/SQL Block;

Advanced PL/SQL
 SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_sal

2 (p_id IN emp.empno%TYPE)
3 RETURN NUMBER
4 IS
5 v_salary emp.sal%TYPE :=0;
6 BEGIN
7 SELECT sal
8 INTO v_salary
9 FROM emp
10 WHERE empno = p_id;
11 RETURN v_salary;
12 END get_sal;
13 /
Function created.

Advanced PL/SQL
 SQL> VARIABLE g_salary NUMBER

 SQL> EXECUTE :g_salary := get_sal(7369);
 PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
 SQL> PRINT g_salary;

G_SALARY
----------
800

Advanced PL/SQL
 Locations to Call User-Defined Functions

• Select list of a SELECT command
• Condition of the WHERE and HAVING clauses
• CONNECT BY, START WITH, ORDER BY, and GROUP

BY clauses
• VALUES clause of the INSERT command
• SET clause of the UPDATE command

Advanced PL/SQL
 PROCEDURES V FUNCTIONS
 Procedures may return through out and in out parameters where as function
must return.
 Procedures can not have return clause where as functions must.

 We can use call statement directly for executing procedure where as we
need to declare a variable in case of functions.
 Functions can use in select statements where as procedures can not.
 Functions can call from reports environment where as procedures can not.
 We can use exec for executing procedures where as functions can not.
 Function can be used in dbms_output where as procedure can not.
 Procedure call is a standalone executable statement where as function call is
a part of an executable statement.

Advanced PL/SQL
 Advantages of User-Defined Functions

in SQL Expressions
• Extend SQL where activities are too complex, too

awkward, or unavailable with SQL
• Can increase efficiency when used in the WHERE

clause to filter data, as opposed to filtering the
data in the application
• Can manipulate character strings

Advanced PL/SQL
 PACKAGES
• Group logically related PL/SQL types, items, and

subprograms
• Consist of two parts:
– Specification
– Body
• Cannot be invoked, parameterized, or nested
• Allow the Oracle server to read multiple objects
into memory at once

Advanced PL/SQL
 PACKAGE SYNTAX
 Create or replace package <package_name> is
-- package specification includes subprograms signatures, cursors
and global or
public variables.
End <package_name>;
 Create or replace package body <package_name> is

-- package body includes body for all the subprograms
declared in the spec, private
Variables and cursors.
Begin
-- initialization section
Exception
-- Exception handling section
End <package_name>;

Advanced PL/SQL
 COMPILING PACKAGES
 SQL> Alter package PKG compile;

 SQL> Alter package PKG compile specification;
 SQL> Alter package PKG compile body;

Advanced PL/SQL
 Ex:
 Creating specification :
SQL> create or replace package EmpPkg is
2 procedure disp_employee_details(empid in number);
3 end EmpPkg;
4 /
Package created.
 Creating Body:
SQL> create or replace package body EmpPkg is
2 procedure disp_employee_details(empid in number)
3 as
4 Begin
5 declare
6 cursor c is select * from emp;
7 begin
8 for tmp in c loop

Advanced PL/SQL
9 if tmp.empno = empid then

10 dbms_output.put_line('Empid :' || tmp.empno);
13 dbms_output.put_line('Job :' || tmp.job);
14 dbms_output.put_line('Manager :' || tmp.mgr);
15 end if;
16 end loop;
17 end;
18 End disp_employee_details;
19 End EmpPkg;
20 /
Package body created.
Invoking procedure:
SQL> execute EmpPkg.disp_employee_details(7369);
OUTPUT:
Empid :7369
Empname :SMITH
Salary :800
Job :CLERK
Manager :7902

Advanced PL/SQL
 Advantages of Packages
• Added functionality: Persistency of variables
and cursors
• Better performance:
– The entire package is loaded into memory
when the package is first referenced.
– There is only one copy in memory for all users.
– The dependency hierarchy is simplified.
• Overloading: Multiple subprograms of the
same name

Advanced PL/SQL
 Cursors
 Oracle uses work areas to execute SQL statements
and store processing information.
 A PL/SQL construct called a cursor lets you name a
work area and access its stored information. There are
two kinds of
 cursors:
- implicit
- explicit.

Advanced PL/SQL
• Implicit cursors: Declared for all DML and PL/SQL

SELECT statements
PL/SQL implicitly declares a cursor for all SQL data

manipulation statements, including queries that return
only one row. For queries that return more than
one row, you can explicitly declare a cursor to
process the rows individually. An example follows:
DECLARE
CURSOR c1 IS
SELECT empno, ename, job FROM emp WHERE
deptno = 20;

Advanced PL/SQL
The set of rows returned by a multi-row query is called the result

set. Its size is the number of rows that meet your search criteria.
• Explicit cursors: Declared and named by the programmer

an explicit cursor "points" to the current row in the result set.
This allows your program to process the rows one at a time.
Multi-row query processing is somewhat like file processing. For

example, a COBOL program opens a file, processes records,
then closes the file. Likewise, a PL/SQL program opens a cursor,
processes rows returned by a query, then closes the cursor.
Just as a file pointer marks the current position in an open file, a

cursor marks the current position

Advanced PL/SQL
CURSOR LIFE CYCLE:

DECLARE : Create a named work area
OPEN : Identify the active set
FETCH : Load the current row into variables
CLOSE : Release the active work area
 You use the OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE statements to control a

cursor.
 The OPEN statement executes the query associated with the
cursor, identifies the result set, and positions the cursor before
the first row.
 The FETCH statement retrieves the current row and advances the
cursor to the next row.
 When the last row has been processed, the CLOSE statement
disables the cursor.

Advanced PL/SQL
 Ex:
 Assuming the salary drawn by employee is in dollars convert
them into Rupees and display employees as taxable if salary
exceeds 100000 p.a else display as non taxable
 SQL> declare
2 cursor c is
3 select ename, sal from emp;
4 v_empname varchar(25);
5 v_sal number(9,2);
6 begin
7 open c;
8 fetch c into v_empname, v_sal;
9 loop
10 if v_sal * 600 > 100000 then
11 dbms_output.put_line('Empname :' || v_empname);
12 dbms_output.put_line('Salary :' || v_sal);
13 dbms_output.put_line('Annual Salary :' || v_sal * 600);

Advanced PL/SQL
14 dbms_output.put_line('Taxable');
15 else
16 dbms_output.put_line('Empname :' || v_empname);
17 dbms_output.put_line('Salary :' || v_sal);
18 dbms_output.put_line('Annual Salary :' || v_sal * 600);
19 dbms_output.put_line('Non Taxable');
20 End if;
21
22 fetch c into v_empname, v_sal;
23 exit when c%notfound;
24
25 end loop;
26 close c;
27 end;
28 /

Advanced PL/SQL
 Output:
 Empname :SMITH
 Salary :800
 Annual Salary :480000
 Taxable
 Empname :ALLEN
 Salary :1600
 Taxable
 Empname :WARD
 Salary :1250
 Taxable
 Empname :JONES
 Salary :2975
 Taxable
 Empname :MARTIN
 Salary :1250
 Taxable

Advanced PL/SQL
 Empname :BLAKE
 Salary :2850
 Taxable
 Empname :CLARK
 Salary :2450
 Taxable
 Empname :SCOTT
 Salary :3000
 Taxable
 Empname :KING
 Salary :5000
 Taxable
 Empname :TURNER
 Salary :1500
 Taxable
 Empname :ADAMS
 Salary :1100
 Taxable
 Empname :JAMES
 Salary :950
 Taxable
 Empname :FORD
 Salary :3000
 Taxable
 Empname :MILLER
 Salary :1300
 Taxable

Advanced PL/SQL
 Above cursor in for loop

 Note: there is no fetch statement required.
 SQL> declare
2 cursor c is
3 select ename, sal from emp;
4 begin
5 for tmp in c loop
6 if tmp.sal * 600 > 100000 then
9 dbms_output.put_line('Annual Salary :' || tmp.sal * 600);
10 dbms_output.put_line('Taxable');
11 else
14 dbms_output.put_line('Annual Salary :' || tmp.sal * 600);
15 dbms_output.put_line('Non Taxable');
16 End if;
17 end loop;
18 end;
19 /

Advanced PL/SQL
 Explicit cursor Attributes
 Obtain status information about an cursor..

 Attribute Type Description
 %ISOPEN Boolean Evaluates to TRUE if the cursor is
open
 %NOTFOUND Boolean Evaluates to TRUE if the
most recent fetch does not return a row
 %FOUND Boolean Evaluates to TRUE if the most
recent fetch returns a row; complement of %NOTFOUND
 %ROWCOUNT Number Evaluates to the total number
of rows returned so far

Advanced PL/SQL
THANK YOU

Overview of PL/SQL: Presented For GCP-EBDP Team (AT & T) 22 December 2008

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Overview of PL/SQL: Presented For GCP-EBDP Team (AT & T) 22 December 2008

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Presented For GCP-EBDP

 PL/SQL offers modern software engineering

2 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

Difference between SQL and PL/SQL

 Includes only Data Data Manipulation and

 More no. of Network Less no. of network

3 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

4 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

 PL/SQL block has three parts:

5 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

6 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

 Guidelines for Declaring PL//SQL Variables

7 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

8 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

9 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

VARIABLE g_salary NUMBER

10 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

 Variables can have any SQL datatype

in_stock BOOLEAN; -- variable named

You can also declare nested tables, variable-size arrays

b. SELECT sal * 0.10 INTO bonus FROM emp WHERE empno =

12 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

credit_limit CONSTANT REAL := 5000.00;

13 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

14 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

15 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

16 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

INSERT INTO HIKE_EMP ( EMPNO,

17 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

SQL> SELECT D.DNAME, E.ENAME, E.JOB,

18 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

19 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

Exceptions are designed for Runtime errors

20 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

21 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

Please refer the attached PDF for list of

22 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

SQL> set serveroutput on

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

23 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

 User Defined Exceptions

- Raised by Programmer for better handling of

24 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

Using OTHERS Exception to handle Unhandled excepions

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

25 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

 Writing Control Structures

26 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

27 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

12 dbms_output.put_line('Oops ' || vEmpname || 'is a ' || vJob);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

28 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

29 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

30 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

12 vMsg := vEmpname || 'is a ' || vJob || 'Earning ' || to_char(vSal);

31 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

 Iterative Control: Loop Statements

 There are 3 types of Loop

32 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

condition is a Boolean variable or

33 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

34 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation

35 PL/SQL – Dec 2008 Copyright © 2008 IBM Corporation