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MEMBRANES
Lecture-1
First Year, MBBS
Learning Objectives
By the end of this Session, students
shall be able to:
1. Describe the Elementary Composition of Human body
2. Discuss the Chemical (biomolecular) composition of
human body
3. Explain biomolecules, their composition and
significance
4. Describe the composition & functions of different
organelles of cell.
5. Illustrate Cell and its Biochemical composition,
Importance & functions of carbohydrates, proteins and
lipids in membranes
6. Describe various types of transport across cell membrane
COMPOSITION OF THE BODY & MAJOR CLASSES OF
MOLECULES
ELEMENT
The simplest kind of matter which can not be
split in to two or more simpler substances by
chemical reactions.
ELEMENTARY COMPOSITION OF THE
HUMAN BODY (DRY WEIGHT BASIS)
ELEMENT PERCENT ELEMENT PERCENT
Carbon 50 Sulfur 0.8
Oxygen 20 Sodium 0.4
Hydrogen 10 Chlorine 0.4
Nitrogen 8.5 Magnesium 0.1
Calcium 04 Iron 0.01
Phosphorus 2.5 Manganese 0.001
Potassium 01 Iodine 0.00005
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen & Nitrogen:
Major components of most biomolecules.
Phosphate:
Component of nucleic acid & many other
molecules.
Calcium:
Component of bones & teeth and also
important in regulation of nerve muscle
function.
CHEMICAL(BIOMOLECULAR)
COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BODY
CHIEF COMPONENTS:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Water
Minerals
NORMAL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION FOR A MAN
WEIGHING 65 KG
Biomolecules Kg Percent
Proteins 11 17.0
Fats 09 13.8
Carbohydrates 01 1.5
Water 40 61.6
Minerals 04 6.1
Water contributes the major component,
although its amount varies widely among
different tissues. Its polar nature & ability
to form hydrogen bonds render water
ideally suited for its function as the solvent
of the body.
BIOMOLECULES
Molecules produced by a living cell such as
proteins, carbohydrates or lipids.
The major complex biomolecules found in the
cells & tissues of humans:
1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
2. RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
3. Proteins
4. Carbohydrates
5. Lipids
The complex biomolecules are constructed from
simple biomolecules.
COMPLEX BUILDING BLOCKS
BIOMOLECULES
DNA Deoxynucleotides
RNA Ribonucleotides
Proteins Amino acids
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides
Lipids Fatty acids
DNA, RNA, proteins, and carbohydrates are
referred to as biopolymers because they are
composed of repeating units of their building
blocks (monomers).
It was established as
fundamental unit of
biologic activity by
Schleiden & Schwann.
MAJOR TYPES OF CELL
NUCLEUS:
A complex membrane bound structure that contains genetic
information in the form of chromosomes, whose principle constituent
is DNA.
COMPARISON
CHARACTERISTIC PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
Molecular components/constituents:
Proteins
Polar lipids
Carbohydrates
MOLECULAR COMPONENTS
0.23
1.1
3.2
THE APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF CELL MEMBRANE
Proteins: 55 ٪
Phospholipids: 25 ٪
Cholesterol: 13 ٪
Other lipids: 04 ٪
Carbohydrates: 03 ٪
LIPIDS
ECF
hdrophilic
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
ICF
STEROL – CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol is a very hydrophobic compound
(four fused rings, A, B, C, D,& it has 8- carbon,
branched hydrocarbon chain attached to C- 17
of the D ring). The only hydrophilic portion is the
-OH group attached at C- 3 of the A ring.
1. Peripheral proteins
2. Integral proteins
PERIPHERAL PROTEINS
Peripheral proteins are attached only to one face
of membrane and do not penetrate all the way
through.
Peripheral proteins do not interact directly with the
hydrophobic cores of the phospholipids in the
bilayer and thus do not require use of detergents
for their release.
They are weakly bound to the hydrophilic regions
of specific integral proteins and head groups of
phospholipids and can be released from them by
treatment with salt solutions of high ionic strength.
INTEGRAL PROTEINS
Integral membrane proteins span the full thickness of
bilayer and protrude from both inner and outer membrane
surfaces.
Asintegral membrane proteins interact extensively with the
phospholipids, they require the use of detergents for their
solubilization.
Integral
membrane proteins are very firmly associated with
the membrane- due to hydrophobic interactions between
membrane lipids and hydrophobic domains of the proteins.
CARBOHYDRATES (THE CELL
GLYCOCALYX)
phospholipids)
Oligosaccharide chains
FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE CHOS
1. Many of them have negative electrical charge which
gives most cells an overall negative surface charge
that repels other negative objects.
2. The glycocalyx of some cells attaches to the
glycocalyx of other cells, thus attaching cells to one
another.
3. CHOs play an important role in cell-cell recognition.
4. Many of the CHOs act as receptor substance for
binding hormones.
MEMBRANE CARBOHYDRATES ARE
IMPORTANT FOR CELL-CELL RECOGNITION
Guanylyl cyclase
4. Integral membrane proteins also serve as receptors
for water soluble chemicals, such as peptide
hormones, they do not easily penetrate the cell
membrane e.g.
Insulin receptor
YYYY
CELL 1
YY
YYYY
Y YY Y
YYYY
YYYY
YY
CELL 2
HYBRID CELL
2. Temperature
1. LIPID COMPOSITION:
Cholesterol: Has two important effects
1. Below the membrane transition temperature, the
cholesterol insertion b/w hydrocarbon fatty acyl chains
interferes with the highly ordered packing of these
chains and thus increase fluidity.
2. At temperature above the transition temperature when
hydrocarbon fatty acyl chains tend to move more
freely, cholesterol, due to its rigid ring structure
reduces the freedom of neighbouring fatty acyl chains
to move, thus limiting fluidity.
Saturated and unstructured fatty acids of
phospholipids:
When there are more of S.F.A in membrane
phospholipids, they tend to pack closely
hydrocarbons interactions more energy (thermal
E) to move them farther so, transition
temperature is high.
`
Cotransport
1. Cross membrane movement of small molecules
DIFFUSION:
Simple
Facilitated
_ _
K+
These are regulated by various mechanisms that open or
close the passageway. Channels are open transiently and
thus are gated.
Ligand-gated channels:
Binding of ligand to receptor opens the channel.
Voltage-gated channel:
ping
The rate of solute entry depends on
The concentration gradient across membrane
The amount of carrier available
The rapidity of solute carrier interaction
The rapidity of conformational change
TRANSPORTORS
Transporters catalyze movement of a molecule or ion
across the membrane by binding and physically
moving it across.
Transporters have the specificity for the substance to
be transported --referred to as the substrate, have
defined kinetics and can be affected by competitive
and non competitive inhibitors.
Some transporters move their substrate only down
the concentration gradient– passive transport,
facilitated diffusion or protein mediated diffusion
Other transporter can move the substrate against
concentration gradient– active transport or pump and
require input of energy.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
system
MECHNISM:
Endocytotic vesicles are generated when segments of
plasma membrane invaginate, enclosing a minute
volume of ECF and its contents. The vesicle then
pinches off as the fusion of plasma membrane seals
the neck of the vesicle at the original site of
invagination. The vesicle Fuses with membrane
structures and achieve the transport of its contents to
other cellular compartments, usually lysosomes, or
back to the cell exterior.
Examples: Polysaccharides, Proteins,
polynucleotides,etc.
fuse with lysosome
for digestion
phagocytosis
non-specific
pinocytosis
process
triggered by
receptor-mediated molecular signal
endocytosis
TYPES:
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis:
It occurs only in specialized cells e.g. Macrophages
and granulocytes
Involves the ingestion of large particles such as
viruses, bacteria, cells or debris.
Pinocytosis:
Property of all cells, leads to the cellular uptake of
fluid and fluid contents.
Types of pinocytosis:
1. Fluid phase Pinocytosis
2. Absorptive Pinocytosis
Fluid phase Pinocytosis:
Non-selctive
Uptake of solute by formation of small vesicles is
surface receptors.
Induces a local and transient change in calcium concentration,
Antigens
Can become part of extra cellular matrix e.g. Glycosaminoglycans,
Can enter ECF and signal other cells e.g. Insulin, catecholamines
Passive Transport
Simple diffusion
diffusion of nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules
lipids
high low concentration gradient
Facilitated transport
diffusion of polar, hydrophilic molecules
through a protein channel
high low concentration gradient
Active transport
diffusion against concentration gradient
low high
uses a protein pump
ATP
requires ATP
TRANSPORT SUMMARY
simple
diffusion
facilitated
diffusion
active ATP
transport