POLICY FORMULATION

PENGERTIAN FORMULASI
Y.DROR,1989 :
“Policy making as a conscious awareness of choice between two main alternatives for
steering societies”
“policy making as decision making, chose the best decision based on two main alternatives
decision”

HOGWOOD & GUN, 1984 :

Specify ten use of the term’policy’in this modern sense :
1) As a label for a field of activity
2) As an expression of general purpose or desired state of affairs
3) As specific proposals
4) As decisions of government
5) As formal authorization
6) As a program
7) As output
8) As outcome
9) As a theory or model
10) As a process
 SIKLUS KEBIJAKAN
(W. Parsons,1995)
policy life cycle

Evaluation problem

Implementation Problem definition

Selection of policy option

Identifying alternative
responses/solutions
Evaluation of
options
 SIKLUS KEBIJAKAN
(D.J. Palumbo, 1987)
the policy cycle and the information cycle
Problem definition

Forecasting needs,
Policy design
Agenda setting
defining targets
s
an alysi
s io n
Deci
Defining nature
r
size, distibution o
problem
n polls,
io
Opin ys, etc
e
fea sibility surv Policy legitimation
a l
Politic
is
analys
e
ativ
Termination n
umm atio Formative
S alu
ev evaluation

Impact
Implementation
 PROSES KEBIJAKAN
(Kammi schmeer,2004)

The Policy Process Issues Agendas Decisions

Political dominated
Technically led
Policy formulation
secondary
and legitimation
linkage

Program/Impact Constituency
Monitoring Building

Implement. Design
Resource
and Organizational
Mobilization
structuring Primary
linkage
 PROSES ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN
(C.V.Patton & d.S.Sawicki, 1986)
1 Verify
define,and detail
the problem

Monitor policy 2 Estabilsh

outcome evaluation criteria

Display and select 3 Identify

among alternative alternative
policies policies

Evaluate
alternative
policies
 5 (LIMA) ELEMEN PROSES PERUMUSAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK

Five key elements in the policy-making process. (Source:Grover Starling,

Strategies for policy making, Dorsey Press, Chicago, 1988, pp.8-10)

Action

Problem Policy Program

identification
Adoption Evaluation
proposal Operation
(Alternative)

Analysis
How is the problem Is the What By what
What is the
what should be our Policy variables are criteria can
problem? goals? viable available to policy be
What Happens if Which option or politically? help ensure judged
we do nothing option mix promise succesful good?
the most benefits implementati Judged fair?
and feweat on of the
negatives? policy?
 MODEL PERUMUSAN KEBIJAKAN ‘SISTEM POLITIK’
(D.Easton,1957)
t En
. nm
en vir
on
me
o
nvir nt
E
The Political system
Inputs
Demands Conversion/
Support decision processes Outcome
Output
Resources etc.

FEDBACK t
Envi en
ron men nm
t v iro
En
Environment : includes social, economic and political
influences on inputs, system variables, policy outputs and
policy outcomes.
 DARI AGENDA SISTEMIK KE AGENDA PEMERINTAH
(R.W.Cobb & C.D.Elder,1972)
The expansion and control of agendas

Issue
Intiator Characteristics

Massa Expansion Agenda of

Patterns
Issue Media to large decision-
of access
creation emphasis publics makers

Trigger Symbol
device utillization

• All issues commonly perceived by members of a political community as meriting public attention of
public authorities.
• To get access to systemic agenda an issue must have: widespread attention/ awareness shared
concern of a sizable portion of public shared perception that it is a matter of concern to a public
authority
• Explicitly up for active and serious consideration by decision-makers.
• May be an old item which is up for regular review or is of periodic concern. Or it may be a ‘new’
item. Or governmental/formal.
 What is stakeholder analysis ?
# A stakeholder analysis is a technique you can use to
identify and assess the importance of key people,
groups of people, or institutions that may
significantly influence the success of your activity,
project or programme
# A methodology used to facilitate intitutional and
policy reform processes by accounting for and often
incorporating the needs of those who have a ‘stake’
or an interest in the rreforms under consideration
 MENGAPA HARUS MELIBATKAN STAKEHOLDERS ?

Asumsi sosial dan politiknya adalah :

1. Hak mereka untuk terlibat dlm proses kebijakan
karena mereka akan terkena dampaknya
2. Hak mereka untuk mengerti mengapa kebijakan tsb
yang di buat
3. Lebih memungkinkannya kebijakan tsb diterima
secara politik
4. Proses perumusan kebijakan dapat dilakukan secara
lebih transparan dan akuntabel
 MULTI AKTOR
Pem.pusat;
provinsi;
kabupaten &
kota

Masyarakat:
Swasta: Pelaku
Usaha Bisnis atau
Ekonomi . NGO’
CSO’
GRO

Aktot Int’l:
PBB, IMF, CGI, WB,
ADB, IDB, INGO
TERIMAKASIH