6.

IMPATT and TRAPATT

TRAPATT (Trapped-Plasma Avalanched Triggered-Transit)
and IMPATT (Impact Ionization Avalanche Transit-Time)
diodes are GaAs devices operated with high reverse bias to
produce avalanche breakdown. Both are used as microwave
oscillators.
TRAPATT has higher efficiency than IMPATT.
7. Parametric Amplifier

Amplification and oscillation

can be achieved by varying
time-reactive components
mostly through the use of a
varactor diode.

The advantage of using

varying reactance from the
amplifying process is that very
low noise figures are possible.
QUESTION#10

What does TRAPATT stand for?

 Waveguides

A single hollow metallic conductor, either rigid or flexible,

which transfers electromagnetic energy from one point to
another.
General Types of Waveguides
1. Rectangular

It is the most commonly used,

with oxygen free, high
conductivity copper; it gives a
favorable transmission
channel for microwave
frequency.

It is used for extremely low

VSWR applications to meet
stringent noise performance
specifications.
2. Elliptical
Short sections of flexible elliptical waveguide are used, the
number and lengths of flexible section are minimized; size and
attenuation is similar to standard rectangular waveguides.
3. Circular
Lowest loss and can support
two orthogonal polarization
within the single guide and is
capable of carrying several
frequency bands, but is
practical only for short runs.

A waveguide is capable of
transmitting microwave energy
in a number of different
electric and magnetic field
configurations. The different
positions, or patters of the
fields are called MODES.
Modes

The configuration in which the energy propagates thru a

waveguide.

Depends on the operating frequency and the physical

dimensions of the waveguides.
Two Modes in
Waveguides
1. TE (Transverse Electric, H-mode)

The electric field is always

perpendicular to the
direction of propagation.

No component of the electric

field in the direction of
propagation.
2. TM (Transverse Magnetic, E-mode)
The magnetic field is always perpendicular to the direction of
propagation.

No component of the magnetic field in the direction of

propagation.
Types of Modes
1. Dominant (or Fundamental) Mode

The simplest or lowest order mode in a waveguide the

particular mode in each class is designated.

TE10 (for rectangular waveguide)

TE11 (for circular waveguide)

2. Higher Order Mode

TE11, TE20, TE22

TM11, TM20, TM22... Etc

Higher order modes are not used in practice because of their

high cut of frequencies.
QUESTION#11

What is another name for the dominant

mode?
Cut-Off frequency (fc)

The lowest frequency that will propagate thru a waveguide

while operating in a particular mode. A waveguide is a high-
pass filter.

fc = 1.5x108 √((m / a)2 + (n / b)2)

Cut-Off wavelength (λc)

λc = 2 / √((m / a)2 + (n / b)2)

The various modes are designated by subscripts m and n. In
the dominant mode, TE10 (m = 1 and n = 0).
Group Velocity (Vg)

Velocity of the waves as they propagate through the waveguide.

Vg = c x √(1 – (λ / λc)2)
Phase Velocity (Vp)

Velocity with which the wave changes phase.

Vp = c / √(1 – (λ / λc) ) 2
Guide Wavelength (λg)

The wavelength of the travelling wave which propagates down

the waveguide.

λg = λ / √(1 – (λ / λc) ) 2
Sample problem:
A wave is propagated in a parallel plane waveguide. The
frequency is 6 GHz and the plane separation is 3 cm. Find the
cut-off wavelength, the wavelength is free space, the group
and phase velocities and the guide wavelength.
Characteristic Impedance of the Waveguide

For the TE mode:

Zo = 120π / √(1 – (λ / λc) ) 2

For the TM mode:

Zo = 120π x √(1 – (λ / λc)2)

Sample problem:
A rectangular waveguide measures 3 x 4.5 cm internally and
has a 9 GHz signal propagated in it. Calculate the cut-off
wavelength, the guide wavelength and characteristic
impedances for the TE10 and TM11 modes.
Circular Waveguide’s Cut-off wavelength

λc = 2πr / kr
Values of kr for Principal Modes in Circular Waveguides

Transverse Electric Transverse Magnetic

Mode kr Mode kr

TE01 3.83 TM01 2.4

TE11 1.84 TM11 3.83

TE21 3.05 TM21 5.14

TE02 7.02 TM02 5.52

TE12 5.33 TM12 7.02

TE22 6.71 TM22 8.42

Causes of Attenuation

1. Due to losses in the conducting walls of the waveguide.

2. Due to the shunt conductivity of the dielectric filling the

waveguide.
QUESTION#12

What is the formula for the Cut-off

Frequency for Rectangular Waveguide?
Other Waveguides
1. Ridged waveguides

Principal effect is to lower the value of the cut-off wavelength

Increase the useful frequency range of he waveguide.

2. Flexible waveguides

Waveguide sections capable of movements, i.e. Bending, twisting,

stretching or vibration.
Methods of Exciting Waveguides

1. Antennas – probe or loop

2. Slot coupling – hole or slot

3. Direct coupling to coaxial cables

Waveguide Coupling
1. Flanges for rectangular waveguides
2. Rotating couplings for circular and elliptical
waveguides.
Waveguide Sections
1. Taper
used to couple a circular
to a rectangular
waveguide.
2. Twists
used to change the signal
polarization.
3. Tee

used to combine two or

more signals.
QUESTION#13

What is the waveguide section that is used to

couple a circular to a rectangular waveguide?
Questions
1. Referred to as a ferrite device that can be used in lieu of a
duplexer to isolate a microwave transmitter and receiver when
both are connected to the same antenna.

a. Isolator
b. Circulator
c. Coupler
d. Diode
2. What is the principal mode of a rectangular waveguide?

a. TEM
b. TE11
c. TE10
d. TM11
3. What microwave device combines the advantages of the
klystron and the Travelling Wave Tube?

a. Stripline
b. Microstrip
c. Cfa
d. Twystron
4. A microwave tube that uses a slow-wave structure as an input
section that is isolated from another slow-wave section at its
output.

a. Klystron
b. Magnetron
c. Twystron
d. TWT
5. A waveguide acts as a

a. LPF
b. HPF
c. BPF
d. Resonator
6. Which of the following is a microwave frequency?

a. 1.7 MHz
b. 750 MHz
c. 0.98 GHz
d. 22 GHz
7. Which of the following permits a microwave signal to travel in
one direction with virtually no loss but severely attenuates any
signal attempting to travel in the reverse direction?

a. Isolator
b. Wave trap
c. Tunnel diode
d. Circulator
8. A waveguide has a cut-off frequency of 17 GHz. Which of the
following signals will not pass thru the waveguide?

a. 15 GHz
b. 18 Ghz
c. 22 GHz
d. 255 GHz
9. When the electric field is perpendicular to the direction of
propagation, the mode is said to be

a. Vertically polarized
b. Horizontally polarized
c. Transverse electric
d. Transverse magnetic
10. Which of the following is not a microwave tube?

a. TWT
b. CRT
c. Klystron
d. Magnetron
11. A measure of the reliability expressed as the average number
of hours between successive failures.

a. MTBF
b. MTTR
c. Downtime
d. Outage time
12. A microwave band of 18 to 27 GHz is considered as the
______ band.

a. C
b. X
c. Q
d. K
13. The radius in the circular zone is in the first fresnel zone
when the reflected path is ______ longer than the direct path.

a. Half wavelength
b. Wavelength
c. Quarter wavelength
d. 2wavelengths
14. The microwave path wherein the microwave beam just barely
touches the obstruction.

a. LOS
b. Grazing
c. Obstructed path
d. Direct path
15. A fade margin of 28 dB has a reliability of

a. 99%
b. 99.9%
c. 99.99%
d. 99.999%
16. The velocity of a resultant wave as it travels through the
waveguide.

a. Speed of light
b. Group velocity
c. Phase velocity
d. Incident velocity
17. The smallest free space wavelength that is just unable to
propagate in the waveguide under given conditions.

a. Guide
b. Phase
c. Cut-off
d. Group
18. Indicate which of the following cannot be followed by the
word "waveguide".

a. Elliptical
b. Flexible
c. Coaxial
d. Ridge
19. Which of the following waveguide tuning components is not
easily adjustable?

a. Screw
b. Stub
c. Iris
d. Plunger
20. What microwave component can sample part of the power
travelling thru the waveguide?

a. Directional coupler
b. Magic tee
c. Circulator
d. Isolator
21. A rectangular waveguide is 5.1 cm by 2.4 cm. The cut-off
frequency for the dominant mode is

a. 2.94 GHz
b. 6.25 GHz
c. 664 MHz
d. 57.7 GHz
22. If the MTBF of a communications circuit is 20,000 hours and
its MTTR is 5 hours, what is its unavailability?

a. 0.00025
b. 99.975%
c. 0.25%
d. 0.975%
23. What would be the ERP, in watts, if the transmitter output is
30 dBm and the waveguide loss is 20 dB and the antenna
connected to it has a power gain of 60 dB?

a. 10000 watts
b. 1000 watts
c. 100 watts
d. 10 watts
24. A waveguide section used to couple a circular to a rectangular
waveguide.

a. Taper
b. Twist
c. Bend
d. Tee
25. A waveguide section used to change the signal polarization

a. Taper
b. Twist
c. Bend
d. Tee
26. A waveguide section used to combine two or more signals

a. Taper
b. Twist
c. Bend
d. Tee
27. A signal propagated in a waveguide has a full wave of electric
field intensity change between two further walls and no
component of the electric field in the direction of propagation.
The mode is

a. TE11
b. TE10
c. TM22
d. TE20
28. A microwave transmission line constructed of a center
conductor suspended between parallel conductive ground planes
is called

a. Microstrip
b. Coax
c. Stripline
d. Waveguide
29. The principal characteristic of tunnel diodes

a. Negative resistance region

b. High forward current rating
c. Very high piv
d. High forward resistance
30. A metal wrapped around the parabolic antenna aperture to
eliminate sidelobes interfere in nearby stations.

a. Radome
b. Shield
c. Shroud
d. Bass drum
31. The region within the influence of the induction field of an
antenna.

a. Far field
b. Near field
c. Radiation field
d. Radiation pattern
32. Which of the following is unlikely to be used as a pulse
device?

a. TWT
b. CFA
c. BWO
d. Multicavity Klystron
33. The wavelength of microwaves at 100 GHz?

a. 3 cm
b. 0.3 cm
c. 0.03 cm
d. 0.3 m
34. The k factor under normal atmospheric conditions in a
microwave radio data profile calculation is

a. 2/3
b. 0
c. 4/3
d. 1
35. To install an antenna with an LOS transmission at a distance
of 75 miles, determine the height of a receiving antenna if the
transmitting antenna is 250 ft.

a. 1385 ft
b. 600 ft
c. 400 ft
d. 255 ft
36. Determine the gain of a 6 ft parabolic dish operating at 1800
MHz.

a. 30 dB
b. 11.2 dB
c. 15.5 dB
d. 28.17 dB
37. What is the free space loss, in dB, between two microwave
antennas 38 km apart operating at 7 GHz?

a. 145.6 dB
b. 138.5 dB
c. 135.5 dB
d. 140.89 dB
38. How many receiving antenna(s) are used with frequency
diversity?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
39. A type of diversity reception, where the output of the
transmitter is fed to two or more antennas that are physically
separated by an appreciable number of wavelengths.

a. Frequency
b. Space
c. Angle
d. Polarization
40. Which of the following is used as a high power microwave
oscillator?

a. Thyratron
b. Magnetron
c. Klystron
d. Twystron
41. A microwave communications system space loss calculation
formula

a. 94.2 + 20 log F + 20 log D

b. 92.4 + 20 log F + 20 log D
c. 94.2 + 10 log F + 20 log D
d. 92.3 + 10 log F + 20 log D
42. Which of the following frequency bands fall under the
microwave band?

a. UHF and SHF

b. SHF and EHF
c. UHF, SHF and EHF
d. VLF, LF and MF
43. Find the cut-off frequency for a waveguide in the TE21 mode
if the dimensions of the guide are 3 by 1.5 cm with wall thickness
of 0.08 cm.

a. 14.14 GHz
b. 5 GHz
c. 5.28 GHz
d. 15.39 GHz
44. The progressive decrease of signal strength with increasing
distance

a. Radiation
b. Attenuation
c. Modulation
d. Propagation
45. A magnetic field is introduced into the waveguide by a

a. probe
b. dipole
c. stripline
d. capacitor
46. Varactor and step recovery diodes are widely used in what
type of circuit?

a. Amplifier
b. Oscillator
c. Frequency multiplier
d. Mixer
47. The optimum clearance from an obstacle in a microwave
system is accepted as ________ of the first fresnel zone radius.

a. 0.6
b. 0.5
c. 0.9
d. 1.5
48. A range of microwave frequencies more easily passed by the
atmosphere than the others

a. Window
b. Critical frequency
c. Gyro frequency
d. Resonant
49. When microwave signals follow the curvature of the earth,
this is known as

a. Faraday effect
b. Ducting
c. Troposcatter
d. Ionospheric reflection
50. A waveguide mode in which there is no component of electric
field in the direction of propagation given in the British
European standards

a. H mode
b. E mode
c. TE mode
d. TM mode
51. The subscript which indicates the number of half wavelengths
along the waveguide height

a. m
b. n
c. a
d. b
52. Which of the following microwave tubes uses the principle of
velocity modulation?

a. TWT
b. CFA
c. Magnetron
d. klystron
53. An X band radar operates in which frequency band?

a. 1 - 2 GHz
b. 2 - 4 GHz
c. 4 - 8 GHz
d. 8 - 12 GHz
54. Calculate the cut-off wavelength, the guide wavelength and
the characteristic impedance of a circular waveguide whose
internal diameter is 4 cm for a 10 GHz signal propagated in it in
the dominant mode. (kr = 1.84)

a. 6.83 cm, 3 cm, 420 ohms

b. 3 cm, 6.83 cm, 420 ohms
c. 6.83 cm, 3.34 cm, 420 ohms
d. 6.83 cm, 3.34 cm, 338 ohms
55. A wave is propagated in a parallel plane waveguide. The
frequency is 6 GHz and the plane separation is 3 cm. The cut-off
wavelength for the dominant mode, the group and phase
velocities are

a. 5 cm, 166 Mm/sec, 543 Mm/sec

b. 6 cm, 166 Mm/sec, 543 Mm/sec
c. 6 cm, 543 Mm/sec, 166 Mm/sec
d. 5 cm, 543 Mm/sec, 166 Mm/sec
56. The following are negative resistance amplifiers except

a. Tunnel
b. Gunn
c. IMPATT
d. PIN diode
57. A cross between the TWT and the magnetron in its operation

a. CFA
b. BWO
c. EIA
d. Twystron
58. Diodes designed to store energy in their capacitance during
forward bias and generates harmonics in the reverse bias

a. Step recovery
b. Gunn
c. APD
d. IMPATT
59. Topographical maps are maps used for microwave
communications systems design because _________ are shown,
thereby elevations are known.

a. Latitudes
b. Longitudes
c. Contour lines
d. Scales
60. Surface Acoustic Waves propagate in

a. GaAs
b. Indium Phosphide
c. Stripline
d. Quartz crystal
61. What do you call the process of speeding up and slowing
down the beam of electrons in the vacuum tube?

a. Velocity modulation
b. Logitudinal velocity
c. Gyrofrequency
d. Group frequency
62. What is the name of the microwave transmission line that is
used with printed circuits?

a. Ferrite loop
b. Coax
c. Waveguide
d. Microstrip
63. The output of a LASER is monochromatic; this means that it
is

a. Infrared
b. Narrow beam
c. Polarized
d. Single frequency
64. The attenuator is used in the TWT to

a. Help bunching
b. Prevent oscillation
c. Prevent saturation
d. Increase gain
65. The angle between electric and magnetic fields in a
waveguide is

a. 90 degrees
b. 0 degrees
c. 180 degrees
d. 360 degrees
66. Materials generally preferred for waveguides are

a. Brass and aluminium

b. Cast iron and steel
c. Non-metallic solids
d. High carbon steel and vanadian steel
67. Waveguide feeders are pressurized to

a. Reduce loss
b. Reduce noise
c. Detect faults
d. Prevent ingress of moisture
68. In order to reduce cross-sectional dimension, which of the
following waveguides is preferred?

a. Flexible
b. Rectangular
c. Circular
d. Ridged
69. A low noise, low power, narrow band microwave amplifier
utilizing a varactor to achieve gain

a. Parametric amplifier
b. LNA
c. SAW
d. CFA
70. Which of the following uses buncher and catcher cavities?

a. magnetron
b. klystron
c. TWT
d. Stripline
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