MEDICINE

 THE SCIENCE OR PRACTICE OF THE

DIAGNOSIS
TREAMENT &
PREVENTION OF DISEASE.
 HISTORY OF MEDICINE
 Medicine man, priest, herbalist & magician
took various ways to cure or give relief to sick.

 Medical knowledge has been derived to

present extent by the observations and
experiences of different fields of medicines.
 PRIMITIVE MEDICINE
 Medicine was conceived in SYMPATHY
and born out of NECESSITY.

 Members of primitive medicine never

distinguished Medicine, Man, Religion.

 The reasons behind the sickness were

SUPERNATURAL AGENTS like gods,
holy people AND ghosts.
 It’s practice has been traced 10,000yrs
back and is still practiced in remote
areas of ASIA, AFRICA & SOUTH AMERICA.

 In this present world use of house

hold remedies with out knowing
how they act & cure.
 INDIAN MEDICINE
AYURVEDA and SIDDHA systems of
medicine are truly Indian in origin.

Unani – Tibb system ( Greek Medicine )

Homoeopathy system ( Germany )

 AYURVEDA
It implies “KNOWLEDGE OF LIFE” OR
“KNOWLEDGE BY WHICH LIFE
MAY BE PROLONGED”
Dated back to 5000 BC and is developed from
“ATHARVAVEDA”
TRIDOSHA THOERY has 3 DOSHAS / HUMORS
VATA – wind
PITTA - gall
KAPHA - mucous
BIRTH OF DHANVANTARI
Dhanvantari, God of Ayurveda, appears as
Vishnu, holding medical herbs in one hand.
• Dhanvantari, the physician of gods, who
appeared at the churning of the ocean is
worshipped by the physician-community.

• He is the father of Indian science of

medicine & Ayurveda is attributed to him.

• He is also called sudhapani, because he

appeared from the ocean, carrying nectar
in his hands.
 Lord Surya
• Lord Surya is the ruler of all planets that rotate around
him. Lord Surya is also known by other names like
Savitar, Aditya, and Ravi. He is the son of Sage Kashyap
and Aditi. He is described as Jagat Chakshu (Eye of the
World), and Aharpati (Lord of the Day). The sun's rays
nourish and nurture life and living beings. Hence, he is
described as ‘Pranadata' or life-giver.
Lord Surya is the guardian of the east. He blesses his
devotees with good health, fame, and prosperity. His
ruling day is Sunday. His gemstone is the red ruby, and
gold is his metal. The chariot of Lord Surya has only one
wheel. It is drawn by seven horses corresponding to the
colors of the rainbow. The charioteer of Lord Surya is
Aruna, Lord Garuda's brother.
 Ashwini Kumaras
• The Ashwini kumaras are twins born as a result
of Sanjana & Surya (the sun) being together.
• At the moment of impregnation Sanjana has
assumed the shape of a horse.
• That is why this lunar constellation is called
horse woman.
• The twins appeared to have healing powers.
They have cured many mythological characters
who needed medical help. Therefore this
constellation has to deal with healing, with
putting a halt to aging process & with eternal
youth.
FIRST GREAT INDIAN PHYSICIAN &
TEACHER ATREYA
CHARAKA
(200 AD)

Mentioned about 500 Drugs in his Book

“CHARAKA SAMHITA” based on teachings
of ATERYA.
SUSRUTA
He compiled his
Surgical knowledge in
“SUSRUTA SAMHITA”
(800 BC-400AD)

“FATHER OF INDIAN
SURGERY”
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
Early Indians did several
Surgeries.

British Physicians learned

Art of RHINOPLASTY
from
INDIAN SURGEONS
 CHINESE MEDICINE
 It is based on two principles :-
YANG (active masculine principle )
YIN (negative feminine principle )

 Were early pioneers of IMMUNIZATION

practiced variolation for SMALLPOX.

 TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE WAS

DERIVED FROM OBSERVATIONS OF DISEASE
& ILLNESS BY TAOIST.
JIN DYNASTY PRACTITIONER HUANG WAS
ADVOCATE OF ACUPUNTURE

BAREFOOT DOCTORS :-
ACQUIRED LOCAL KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT PLANTS & HERBS &
MADE MEDICINES BY
WANDERING UP HILLS & DOWN
DALES ON BARE FOOT.
Egyptians INVENTED PICTURE WRITING & RECORDED
THEIRWORKS ON PAPYRUS.

IMHOTEP–AUTHOR OF EDWIN SMITH

PAPYRUS (3000-2500 BC) In which
he describes partial paralysis following
Cerebral Lesions in skull fractures.
 MESOPOTAMIAN MEDICINE

“ CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION ” – (6000 yrs ago)

Oldest medical prescription is from
MESOPTAMIA dating back to 2100 BC.
 Babylonian King Hammurabi
issues the first written law
code, the Code of Hammurabi,
based on revelation from
Shamash, the god of justice.

It had Laws that governed the conduct of

physicians And provided for health practices.
 Greek medicine

Civilizers of ancient world

EARLY LEADER IN GREEK MEDICINE
A
E
S
C
U
L
A
P
I
U
S
 Asclepius
• Greek hero who later become the Greek god of
medicine and healing. The son of Apollo and
Coronis, Asclepius had five daughters, Aceso,
Laso, Panacea, Aglaea and Hygiea.

• The main attribute of Asclepius is a physician's

staff with an Asclepiad snake wrapped around it;
this is how he was distinguished in the art of
healing, and his attribute still survives to this day
as the symbol of the modern medical profession.
HYGIEA
He had two daughters : -
HYGIEA (goddess of health - preventive)
PANACEA (goddess of medicine - curative)
Thus dichotomy between
curative & preventive medicines
began early.

He is still cherished in
MEDICAL circles by this
Symbol of
medicine.
HIPPOCRATES (460 - 370 BC )
FATHER OF MEDICINE
 HIPPOCRATIC OATH IS
KEY STONE OF MEDICAL
ETHICS.
ALSO KNOWN TO BE AN
EPIDEMIOLOGIST.
“AIR, WATER & PLACES”
IS A TREATISE ON SOCIAL
MEDICINE & HYGIENE.
 ALEXANDRIA’S MUSEUM

FIRST UNIVERSITY IN
THE WORLD – HAD A
LIBRARY WITH
OVER 70,000 BOOKS.
W.H.O
 ROMAN MEDICINE
Romans borrowed their medicine from Greeks whom they
had conquered but were more practical.

G
He observed that
Disease is due to 3 A
Factors – Predisposing L
exciting &
E
Environmental factors
N
 MIDDLE AGES
THE PERIOD BETWEEN 500 - 1500 AD

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD IS THEREFORE CALLED

“DARK AGES OF MEDICINE”

LEADERS IN ARABIC MEDICINE WERE

THE PERSIANS:

ABU BECR [865 - 925] –

RHAZES WROTE A BOOK ON
“CHILDREN’S DISEASES”
IBN SINA [980 - 1037] –
AVICENNA
COMPILED
“CANON OF MEDICINE”

CONTRIBUTED TO PHARMACOLOGY.
INTRODUCED WIDE RANGE OF SYRUPS.

SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY LEAD TO

ESTABLISHMENT OF HOSPITALS.
DAWN OF SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE

THE PERIOD FOLLOWING 1500 AD WAS MARKED

BY REVOLUTIONS.
Revival of medicine 1453-1600

Paracelsus,1493-1541,
publicly burnt the works
of Galen and Avicenna
and attacked
superstition and dogma
and helped turn
medicine towards
rational system.
FRACASTORIUS (1483-1553)
An Italian physician.
Enunciated the “theory of
contagion”.
Explained the cause of
epidemics.
Syphilis transmitted
during sexual relations.
Founder of epidemiology.
ANDREAS VASALIUS (1514-1564)

“The first man of modern

science”.

Did lot of dissections on

human body and
demonstrated some of
Galen’s errors.

His great work ”Fabrica”

became a classical text in
medical education.
AMBROISE PARE (1510-1590)

Father of surgery

French Army surgeon

Advanced the art of surgery

THOMAS SYDENHAM (1624-1689)

The English Hippocrates.

The first distinguished

epidemiologist.

Made a differential
diagnosis of scarlet fever,
malaria, dysentery and
cholera.
 WILLIAM HARVEY-
“BLOOD CIRCULATION”

LEEUWENHOEK-
“MICROSCOPE”
 SANITARY AWAKENING
IN 19TH CENTURY THE GREAT CHOLERA
EPIDEMIC LEAD EDWIN CHADWICK TO
BRING FORTH PUBLIC HEALTH ACT - 1848
IN ENGLAND.
 RISE OF PUBLIC HEALTH

JOHN SNOW : -
“EPIDEMIOLOGY OF
CHOLERA”

ESTABLISHED ROLE OF
POLLUTED DRINKING
WATER IN SPREAD OF
CHOLERA.
GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

LOUIS PASTEUR -
“GERM THEORY OF DISEASE”

ROBERT KOCH -
DISCOVERED
“ANTHRAX BACILLI”
 BIRTH OF PREVENTIVE
MEDICINE
JAMES LIND - ADVOCATED
INTAKE OF FRESH FRUITS
AND VEGETABLES TO
PREVENT SCURVY.

EDWARD JENNER -
VACCINATION AGAINST
“ SMALLPOX”
 CHOLERA VACCINE
[1892]

DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN
[1894]

ANTI-TYPHOID VACCINE
[1898]
 FURTHER ADVANCEMENT
MODES OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION

MALARIA - FEMALE YELLOW FEVER - AEDES

ANOPHELES MOSQUITO - WALTER REED [1900]
- ROSS [1898]

AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS - TSETSE FLY - BRUCE [1896]

 MODERN MEDICINE
CONCEPT OF MULTIFACTORIAL CAUSATION
BY MUNICH [1819 - 1901]

MODERN
MEDICINE

CURATIVE PREVENTIVE SOCIAL

MEDICINE MEDICINE MEDICINE
CURATIVE MEDICINE: -
NOT MERELY TREATING THE DISEASE
BUT TO PRESERVE THE LIFE ITSELF AS
FAR AS IT COULD BE POSSIBLE.

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE:-
ART OF SCIENCE OF HEALTH
PROMOTION, DISEASE PREVENTION,
DISABILITY LIMITATION &
REHABILITATION.
SOCIAL MEDICINE:-

DEALS WITH CARE OF PATIENTS,

PREVENTOIN OF DISEASE AND
ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICAL
SERVICES & CARE.