AIR-CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY

Today need of every one

Prep By :Engr SUFYAN
Contents
 HUMAN THERMAL BEHAVIOUR
 HOW ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION EFFECT HUMAN COMFORT
 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BY HUMAN BODY
 EFFECTS OF AIR PROPERTIES ON HUMAN COMFORT.
 ORIGIN OF CONCEPT FOR AIR-CONDITIONING
 AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES/SYSTEM
 MACHINE FOR AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESS(AC)
 SUMMER AIR-CONDITIONING CYCLE
 SUMMER AIR-CONDITIONING IN SPLIT AC
 AC CAPACITY
 REFRIGERANT
 SPLIT VS WINDOW AC
 INVERTER TECHNOLOGY IN AC
 DESIGN/SIZING OF AC FOR ROOM
1. HUMAN THERMAL BEHAVIOUR

 Human is a Heat generating and releasing machine to

atmosphere/surrounding.

Chemical energy taken through food is converted into Heat energy through
metabolism process inside the Human body.

 Human Comfort depend upon how easily a human can dissipate the
generated heat energy.
2. HOW ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS EFFECT HUMAN
COMFORT
 Human feel comfort/relaxed when having desired environmental
conditions.
 Unfavorable environmental conditions leads uneasiness and discomfort and
ultimately less efficiency/productivity of human.

Human comfort zone

1. Air Temperature 20-25 Centigrade
2. Air Humidity(water vapors) 50-60 %
3. Air velocity 0.2-1.5 M/s
4. Air freshness as much as possible
MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER BY HUMAN BODY
3. EFFECTS OF AIR PROPERTIES ON HUMAN COMFORT.

1. AIR TEMPERATURE

In summer (Temp above comfort zone) human rejects less heat than
requirement because of greater atmosphere/surrounding temperature
therefore feel discomfort and adopt environment of low temperature
such as use AC, Fan or at outdoor shadow of tree to increase heat
transfer rate.
In winter (Temp below comfort zone) human rejects heat with
greater rate because of low atmosphere/surrounding (Start shrinking
and reduce blood circulation) therefore use blanket, jackets, fire and
reduce body surface area to reduce heat transfer rate.
2. AIR HUMIDITY

It indicates amount of water vapors present in air.

 In summer outside air is warmer thereof retains large amount

of water vapors (Humid air) therefore reduce dissipation of body
heat through evaporation results in sweaty body and discomfort.

In winter outside air is dry thereof retain less amount of water
vapor therefore increase evaporation rate results dry skin,
discomfort and allergy and respiratory problems.
EFFECT OF HUMIDITY LEVEL IN SUMMER
EFFECT OF HUMIDITY LEVEL IN WINTER
3. AIR VELOCITY

Velocity of Air effect the dissipation of heat from both convection and
evaporation
In summer when fan is switch on increase heat transfer rate.
Air velocity replaces stagnant room air with fresh one.

4. FRESHNESS OF AIR

 High air quality is responsible of human comfort free from dust.

ORIGIN OF CONCEPT FOR AIR-CONDITIONING

 As described earlier Human comfort depend upon existing environmental

condition but environmental condition is natural and unchangeable
throughout but can be changed within dedicated space such as room,
Building and vehicles

 this solution created the concept of air conditioning.

To create an artificial desired environment within a space for human

comfort.

To condition/alter the properties of Air within dedicated space.

 Process of control Temperature, Humidity, Velocity and Dust of air.

AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES/SYSTEM

Summer Air conditioning system (Cooling, dehumidification and filtration).

 winter Air conditioning system (Heating, Humidification and filtration)
Year Round Air conditioning system ( Both system equipped together)

Summer Air conditioning Winter Air Conditioning

MACHINE FOR AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESS

 AIR CONDITIONER (AC)

 A machine for carry out air-conditioning processes described in
previous slide.
 TYPES OF AC
1) Window AC
2) Split AC
3) Central AC Plant
4) Packaged AC
 PARTS OF AC
1.Heating/ Cooling Coil 2. Shower/Humidifier 3. Compressor
4.Condensor 5.Expansion Valve 6. Filter 7. Drain Pipe 8.Fins
9.Motors
Window
Split

Central Packaged
1) WINDOW AC

Simplest form AC , All the components are in a single Box used for a
single room/cabin.
Low in cost
Capacity up to 3-5 Ton
2) SPLIT AC

Split in two Units Indoor and Outdoor unit.

Indoor unit installed in room and Outdoor unit at outside ATM
3) CENTRAL AC

Used for cooling big buildings, offices, hotels, movie theatre

etc.
Used where space increased
It consists of a huge compressor that has the capacity to
produce hundred of tons of air conditioning
4) PACKAGED AC
used where the cooling loads extend beyond 20 tons.
Used when cooling load increase.
All the components are housed in a same box.
Cooled air is thrown by the high capacity blower, and it flows through the
duct laid through various rooms.
They are of two types PACS
 i) air cooled ii) water cooled
SUMMER AIR-CONDITIONING CYCLE

 Combination of processes
 In SACC Room air will be Cooled, dehumidified and filtered.
 In most of the places the summer season is hot and humid. Hence, in order
to provide comfortable conditions to the occupants during summer, it is
required to supply cold and dry air to the occupied space. 

 MAIN DEVICES
1. Evaporator Cooling coil/ Heat Exchanger, having temperature below
room temperature. Room air gives off heat.
2. Compressor compress the cooling agent and Enable its to circulate in
the cycle and to rejects its heat to surrounding air.
3. Condenser Heat Exchanger b/w cooling agent and surrounding air.
4. Expansion valve Cooling agent expands and enable refrigerant to enter
evaporator to temperature below room temp.
All other devices are auxiliary devices.
CIRCULATION OF ROOM AIR
 SUMMER AIR-CONDITIONING IN SPLIT AC

 Comprises of two Units Indoor and Outdoor

 INDOOR UNIT
 Evaporator
 Air Filter
 Fan/Blower
 Motors
 Fin/ louvers (Horizontal and vertical)
 Others Electrical and Electronic accessories
 OUTDOOR UNIT
 Compressor
 Condenser
 Fan/Blower with motor
 Expansion Valve
INDOOR UNIT AND OUTDOOR UNIT
INDOOR UNIT AND OUTDOOR UNIT
INSTALLATION POSITION OF SPLIT AC
WORKING OF SPLIT AC
WORKING DIAGRAM OF SPLIT AC
HERE IT IS CONDITIONED AIR
AC CAPACITY

Capacity of air-conditioned system is represented by TON

Ton represents amount of heat removed from conditioned space in
per unit time.
 1Ton = 12,000 BTU/Hour or 3.5 KW or KJ/S or 3516 J/S
 REFRIGERANT
 A Cooling agent carries room heat to outside atmosphere.
 Initially CFCs (Freon) family Chlorofluorocarbon used but found
harmful for ozone depletion.
 Now HFCs Hydro fluorocarbon( Organic compounds), such as R-22,
R-134
 Inorganic Nitrogen
 A REFRIGERANT SHOULD BE
 non-flammable,

 non-toxic

 low boiling point

 high latent heat of vaporisation.

SOME COMMON REFRIGERANT
 SPLIT VS WINDOW AC

 Split AC silent operation

 Both are equally efficient (Thermal . Mechanical)
Energy Efficient Ratio (EER)

 EER for AC represents amount of cooling an AC provide per watt of

electricity it consumes
 BEER rates appliances on their Star rating based on EER, higher EER
ratio higher the star rating, 5 star AC provides more cooling per watt
of electricity.
 Both Split and Window AC have high EER ratio but split have more
number of models in BEE 5 star rating as compared to window AC
 So if you are looking for high efficiency air conditioners then split air
conditioners can provide you more options.
 INVERTER TECHNOLOGY IN AC

 High Power consumption of AC is always a problem, everyone cant afford

 An inverter is a device for converting frequency. The technology is used in many
home appliances and controls electric voltage, current and frequency. Inverter air-
conditioners vary their cooling/heating capacity by adjusting the power supply
frequency of their compressors.

 Work like car accelerator.

 Inverter technology is designed in such a way that it can save 30-50% of electricity
(units consumed) over a regular air conditioner.
 In Non- Inverter AC compressor consumes full electricity on which it design when On,
when thermostat reaches design temp it stop and fan continues to work. When temp
decreased it start again
 Every AC is design for peak load, 1.5 Ton ac is design for certain size of room and 1
ton for different, a Non inverter ac always run on peak load when working
 An AC with inverter technology will run continuously but will draw only that much
power that is required to keep the temperature stable at the level desired.
 So it kind of automatically adjusts its capacity based on the requirement of the room
it is cooling. Thus drawing much less power and consuming lesser units of electricity.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NON INVERTER AND REGULAR
AC
 Inverter AC are variable Speed and Tonnage while Non-Inverter are
single speed and single tonnage

 Inverter Ac adjust their Speed and Tonnage as per Room heat Load.

 Every Room has different heat load and sources of heat.

INVERTER TECHNOLOGY AS A ACCELERATOR
 DESIGN/SIZING OF AC FOR ROOM

1. Size of the room. This determines the amount of air in the room that needs to be
cooled.
2. Number of people in the room. Every human being emits heat and air conditioner
needs to cool it.
3. Number of electrical appliances in the room (most electrical appliances emit heat,
especially lights). Incandescent light bulbs can increase cooling load.
4. Windows in the room. More the windows, more is the heat coming from outside.
Well-insulated windows reduce cooling load.
5. Walls facing the sun can increase cooling load. Touch your walls and windows to
check if they are hot or not and using the tips in insulation section to prevent heating of
the room.
6. undersized air conditioner cannot remove heat effectively and the compressor of the
air conditioner will continue running all the time thereby consuming more electricity.
7. With an undersized air conditioner, the compressor will keep running all the time
and the temperature will not reach the desired level. They will not only be ineffective in
cooling, but will also consume more electricity.
8. An oversized air conditioner will not only over cool your room but also will be
ineffective in removing the humidity in a room.