SAMPLING

TECHNIQUES
SAMPLING

Procedure by which some

members of a given population
are selected as representatives
of the entire population.
UNIVERSE
the larger group from which individuals
are selected to participate in a study

SAMPLE
the representatives selected for a study
whose characteristics exemplify the larger
group from which they were selected
PURPOSE OF SAMPLING
To gather data about the population in order to make an inference that can be generalized to the
population

POPULATION

INFERENCE

SAMPLE
The Sampling Process
Define the Population

Develop Sampling Frame

Select a Sampling Method

Determine the Sample Size

Execute the Sampling Process

Sampling and representativeness

Target
Sample
Population

Population

Population  Target Population  Sample

Sampling Techniques

Probability
Vs
Non-probability
sampling
 PROBABILITY NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING SAMPLING
Every element in the Every element in the
target population or universe [sampling
universe [sampling
frame] has equal
frame] does not have
probability of being equal probability of
chosen in the sample for being chosen in the
the survey being sample.
conducted. Operationally
Scientific, operationally
convenient and
convenient and simple
in theory. simple in theory.
Probability
Sampling
Methods
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
Simple random sampling is a method of probability
sampling in which every unit has an equal non zero
chance of being selected for the sample.

Methods of selecting random sample:

1. Lottery Method
2. Tables of Random Numbers
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
Stratified random sampling is a method of probability
sampling in which the population is divided into different
subgroups and samples are selected from each of them.

Steps:-
All units of population are divided into different strata in
accordance with their characteristics. (eg race, age, gender
etc.)
Using random sampling, sample items are selected from
each stratum.
 Systematic Random Sampling
or Quasi-Random Sampling

Systematic random sampling is a method of probability sampling in

which the defined target population is ordered and the 1 st unit of sample
is selected at random and rest of the sample is selected according to
position using a skip interval (every Kth item)

K= N
n
Where, K = Sampling/ Skip interval
N = Universe/ Population Size
n = Sample Size
 
number the units in the
population from 1 to N
decide on the n (sample
size) that you want or
need
k = N/n = the interval size
randomly select an
integer between 1 to k
then take every kth unit
CLUSTER SAMPLING
The process of randomly selecting intact groups, not
individuals, within the defined population sharing
similar characteristics
Steps :-
1. Population is divided into subgroups, or clusters.
Ideally, each cluster adequately represents the
population.
2. A simple random sample of a few clusters is selected.
3. All or some randomly chosen units in the selected
clusters are studied.
Selecting a Sampling Design
When to use stratified sampling
If primary research objective is to compare
groups
Using stratified sampling may reduce
sampling errors

When to use cluster sampling

When there is a list of clusters but not of
individual population members
Non-probability
Sampling
Methods
Convenience sampling
the process of including
whoever happens to be
available at the time…called
“accidental” or “haphazard”
sampling.
Purposive sampling
the process whereby the
researcher selects a sample
based on experience or
knowledge of the group to be
sampled…called “judgment”
sampling
Quota sampling
the process whereby a
researcher gathers data from
individuals possessing identified
characteristics and quotas
A quota of sample units is established for each cell.
 50 women, 50 men
 50 married, 50 unmarried
Snowball Sampling
Selection of additional respondents is
based on referrals from the initial
respondents.
friends of friends
Used to sample from low incidence or
rare populations.
E.g.: Drug abuser
terrorist