Dr. Thomas Edgar Fall 2007 Nuclear Fusion Principle • Energy generated by joining two elements with low atomic numbers. • Most efficient reaction known is fusion of Hydrogen isotopes, Deuterium and Tritium, to form Helium. • Fusion is source of energy for stars and the Sun. • High temperatures > 100 million degrees Kelvin needed for fusion on earth • At high temperature, the gas mixture forms a plasma (hot, electrically charged gas) Nuclear Fusion • This reaction releases 17.6 MeV of energy. No limit on amount of fusion that can occur (unlike fission). Requirements for Fusion Reaction • Plasma Temperature:100-200 million Kelvin – Needed to overcome natural positive repulsive forces of plasma ions • Energy Confinement Time: 4-6 seconds – The Energy Confinement Time is a measure of how long the energy in the plasma is retained before being lost. • Central Density in Plasma:1-2 x 1020 particles m-3 – Large density needed because number of fusion reactions per unit volume is roughly proportional to the square of the density Plasma Toroid (Tokamak) Flow of Energy Challenges • Current research in controlling high temperature plasma – How to heat plasma to >100 million deg C. – How to confine such a plasma – How to sustain the reactions. Advantages • Abundant fuels: Deuterium (from water), Tritium (from Lithium) and Lithium (plentiful on Earth’s crust). • Inherently safe: Because conditions for reaction are stringent and small amounts of fuel used • Environmentally safe: No greenhouse gas emissions and byproduct of reaction is Helium. JET (Joint European Torus) • JET: World’s largest nuclear fusion research facility Fusion Reactor • EU to build pilot fusion reactor, Iter. – Cost: 4.57 Billion EURO (2000 prices) over 10 yrs – Life: 35 years – Countries Involved: 7 – Design: reactions occur in 100 million degree gas (plasma) suspended in donut shaped magnetic field. – Problems: Sustained and stable reactions – Potential: 500 MW output from 70 MW power input during pulses of at least 400 secs. – If technology works commercial reactor, Demo, will be built. – Advantages: No greenhouse emissions, inherently safe due to malfunction shutdown systems, no high-level long-lived radioactive waste produced. Iter Timeline References • "Nuclear Fusion 'Put to the Test'" BBC NEWS 17 Feb. 2005. 19 Nov. 2007 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/science/nature/4270297.stm>.
• “Fusion Power." United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. 20 Nov. 2007.