Chapter 5 Flexural member

Section 1 Introduction

Section 2 Flexural strength

Section 3 Strength check

Section 4 Overall stability of beams

 Section 1 Introduction
 Concept: Bearing transverse load, floor beam, crane beam,
purlin, bridge, etc.
 Classification:
Section steel ： Easy processing, simple manufacturing
Solid web and low cost ；
Compound section ： When section steel fails to meet
5 .1 梁 的 类 型 和 应 用
strength and stiffness requirements ；
钢 梁 主 要 用 以 承 受 横 向 荷 载 ，在 建 筑 结 构 中 应 用 非 常 广 泛 ，常 见 的 有 楼 盖 梁 、
Lattice
吊 车 梁 、type
工作平 ：台 When
梁 、 墙 架the
梁 、span
檩 条 、exceeds
桥 梁 等 。 a certain distance, it is better to
use lattice
钢 梁 分 为truss.
型 钢 梁 和 组 合 梁 两 大 类 。 如 图 5 -1 所 示 。

(a) (b ) (c) (d) (e) (f)

(g ) (h) (i) (j) (k)

 Section 2 Flexural strength

 Three stages of normal stress development in section ：

（ 1 ） Elastic stage: Dynamic load M y  Wn f y

（ 2 ） Elastoplastic stage: static load or indirect dynamic

M p ：
load （ 3 ） Plastic stage W pn f y
 Flexural bearing capacity of section in elastoplastic
stage ：  fy y 
M   y dA   yf y dA   y   dA  Ap yf y dA
 y0 
Ae Ap Ae

  y 
 f y   y   dA   ydA   f y  I e / y0  W p   f y  We  W p 
 e  y0 
A Ap

 Rectangular cross section ：
(1)Elastic stage ：y0  h / 2, We  bh / 6  Wn , W p  0, M y  Wn f y
2

(2)Plastic stage ：y0  0, W p  bh 2 / 4  W pn , We  0, M p  Wpn f y

(3)Elasto-plastic stage: M y  M py  M p My   My  Sf My

 Section shape coefficient ：

S f  M p / M n M py   M y   Wn f y
 Section 3 Strength check

1 、 Bending normal stress

 The limit state is that part of the cross section enters into
plastic stage(1/4 cross section, a=h/8).
M x( y)
 x( y)   f
 x ( y )Wxn ( yn )

where ：
γ is the plastic adaptation factors ， see Table 5.2.1.
2 、 shear strength

VS
   fV
I xt w

S : Static moment about neutral axis of that part of the

gross section above the location where shear stress is
calculated.

t w Web thickness
3 、 concentrated load

Moving concentrated load Fixed concentrated load

（ beam support ）
 F
c   f
t wl z
4 、 Equivalent stress under complex stress state

1
     3   xy2   yz2   zx2 
2 2 2
0              
2  
x y y z z x

 eq   2   c2   c  3 2  1 f
Example
 A simply supported beam. the following figure shows the internal force
diagram under static and live loads
 Design strength is 205MPa, and the desing shear strength is 120N/mm
2
, the concentrated load of point B is applied 12cm above the top of the
beam.
 Section 4 Overall stability of beams

1 、 Concepts

 Global instability ：

 Mechanisms analysis: After the beam is deformed, the upper flange is

compressed, because the lateral stiffness of the beam is insufficient, the
lateral bending instability of the beam will occur; the different bending
amounts of the beam cross-section from top to bottom will result in the
torsional deformation of the cross-section, so the overall instability of the
beam is bending-torsional instability.
 Effective measures: Increase the lateral stiffness of the upper flange and
reduce the lateral calculation length of the upper flange.
2 、 Formula for Calculating Critical Moment of Simply Supported
Beams with Uniaxisymmetric Sections ：
 2 EI y   l 2GI t 
M cr  C1 C2 a  C3  y  C a  C  
2 3 y
2 I
  1  2    4.48
l2 

Iy   EI   

（ 1 ） C1 、 C2 、 C3——Parameters
related to load types
（ 2 ） Iy 、 Iw 、 It——Cross-sectional
moment of inertia
（ 3 ） L——Lateral unsupported length
（ 4 ） a——Position of action point of
force
y  x 2  y 2 dA  y0
1
（5）
y    4.49
2I x A
 Main factors affecting the overall stability of steel beams

（ 1 ） The lateral unsupported length L1, the smaller L1 is, the

better the overall stability and the higher the critical bending
moment are. 。
（ 2 ） Dimensions of beam sections, including various
moments of inertia 。
（ 3 ） Restraint of beam end support on rotation around y-
axis ；
（ 4 ） Load types;
（ 5 ） Location of Load Action Point.
3 、 Checking of Global Stability

M x  cr M x ,cr  cr f y
     b f
Wx  R Wx R fy  R

Mx
 Bending in a single plane:  f
bWx

Mx My
 Bending in two planes:   f
bWx  yWy
 4 、 Global Stability Coefficient
1 、 Welded I-section, biaxial symmetry, pure bending load
2
4320 Ah   t  235
b  2 1   y 1   4.60
 y Wx  4.4h  f y

2 、 Welded I-section, uniaxial symmetry

   y t1 
2 
4320 Ah  235
b   b 2 1     b   4.61
 y Wx   4.4h   fy
 

 If b  0.6

b'  1.07  0.282 / b

5 、 Guarantee of overall stability

1 ． The paved slab (reinforced concrete slab and steel plate) is closely laid
on the compressive flange of the beam and firmly connected with it,
which can prevent the lateral displacement of the compressive flange of
the beam. ；
2 ． When the ratio of the free length L1 to the width b1 of the compressed
flange of I-beam does not exceed the value specified in Table 4.2.1.
6 、 Checking steps of global stability

1 、 Judging whether it is necessary to check the

overall stability of the beam or not ；
2 、 Calculating Section Parameters ；
3 、 find b according to the load type ；
4 、 caulculate b ， and then check the stability ；
Example 1

 Rolled I beam ， I50a ， Q235, simply su

pported. Wx=1860cm3 ， the span l0=6m.
Uniformly distributed load applied at the u
pper flange gk=47kN/m （ including self
weight ） . No lateral support at the midsp
an.
 Check the overall stability of the beam
 Example 2
 Calculate the maximum q of the beam
 welded H beam, simply supported.
 One lateral support at the midspan.
 Q235, f=215MPa
 Ix=391600cm4, βb=1.15
 Consider overall stability only.
 Section 5 Local stability

1 、 Introduction
 Flange ： The force is relatively simple ， restrict the width to thickness
ratio to ensure local stability 。
 Web ： The stress is complex and the section height is large to meet the
strength requirement. If the method of limiting the web height-thickness
ratio of beam is still adopted, the web value will be very large and
uneconomical. Generally, stiffeners are used to reduce the size of the
plate, so as to improve the local stability bearing capacity. 。

1 － transvers stiffeners
2 － longitudinal stiffeners
3 － short stiffeners
2 、 Local stability of flange
 Design principle ： Equal strength principle
 Designed according to elastic stage (γ=1.0), but the
actual section has entered elastic-plastic stage because of
the residual stress, and Et=0.7E is adopted in the Code.
2
  0.7 E
2
 t  b1 235
 cr  0.425    fy  15
12  1  2   b1  t fy

 If plastic development is considered(γ ＞ 1.0 ）， Et=0.5E.

b1 235
 13
t fy
Stiffness of the beam
v ≤ [v]
Example 3

 Rolled I beam ， I50a ， Q235, simply su

pported. Wx=1860cm3 ， the span l0=6m.
Uniformly distributed load applied at the u
pper flange gk=47kN/m （ including self
weight ） . No lateral support at the midsp
an.
 Check the stiffness of the beam