ESC201T : Introduction to

Electronics

Lecture 24: Power Supply (part-2)

B. Mazhari
Dept. of EE, IIT Kanpur
Full wave Rectifier
N1 N2
VO
D
VS C RL

VM
Vr 
fRLC

N1 N2
D1 VO
+- OFF
ON RL
VS

-+ OFF ON
D2
 N1 N2
D1 VO
RL
VS

D2
 N1 N2
VO

D1 RL C
VS

D2

VM t1 VM T
Vr  
RLC 2 RLC

VM
Vr 
2 fRLC
Comparison of full and half Wave Rectifier
N1 N2
VO

N1 N2 D1 RL C
VO VS
VM
Vr  D
VM
fRLC VS C RL
Vr 
2 fRL C
D2
Diode Currents in Full wave Rectifier
N1 N2
VO

D1 RL C
VS

D2

V VM
iD max  C  2VrVM  M iDav 
RL 2 RL
D2 D1
Bridge Rectifier

D4
D1

RL
VS VO

D3
D2

-
 -

D4
D1

RL
VS VO

D3
D2

+
Power supply using full wave Rectifier

D4 D4
D1 D1

RL RL
VS VO VS VO

D3 D3
D2 D2

VM
Vr 
Ripple is smaller in full wave rectifier 2 fRLC
based power supply
Peak Inverse Voltage

+12.7

Reverse bias = 12.7 D4

D1

RL
VS VO
12
D3
D2

Reverse bias = 12

PIV  vO  0.7
Reducing Ripple to a very small value is not easy !

N1 N2
VO
D
1K
VS
500F Vr  0.438V
Zener Diode
A diode specially designed to operate in reverse bias in ‘breakdown’ region

|VZ|

V
IZ

+ VZ -

IZ
VZ

+ VZ -
Zener diode: Important Characteristics

|VZ|

V
VZ
I Z (max .)

I Z (min .)

PZ
 Zener Diode

Forward Biased Reverse Biased

A battery of voltage
Open circuit VZ
Voltage Reference Circuit

Ri Ri
VL VL
+ +
VPS VZ RL VPS VZ RL
- -
Power supply with regulator

Vps
D
VS RL C

Ri
VL
+
VPS VZ RL
-
Zener diode as Voltage Regulator

N1 N2
VO

D1 RL C
VS

D2

N1 N2 Ri
VO

D1 C RL
VS

D2
 N1 N2 Ri
VO

D1 C RL
VS

D2
Voltage Reference Circuit
N1 N2 Ri
VO

D1 C RL
VS

D2

Ri
VL
II +
VPS IZ VZ IL RL
-

Design Problem: Determine Ri and zener diode specifications such that output voltage is
+12V, load current can vary between 0 to 0.1A. The input voltage may vary between 18 to
15.5V.
Voltage Reference Equations
Ri
VL
II +
VPS IZ VZ IL RL
-

VPS  VZ VPS  VZ
Ii   IZ  IL IZ   IL
Ri Ri

VPS max  VZ VPS min  VZ

I Z max   I L min I Z min   I L max
Ri Ri

PZ max  VZ I Z max

Check correctness of design by checking compliance with Zener diode ratings

Design Problem: Determine Ri and zener diode specifications such that output voltage is +12V, load
current can vary between 0 to 0.1A. The input R
voltage may vary between 18 to 15.5V.
i

VL
II +
VPS IZ VZ IL RL
-

VPS  VZ VPS  VZ
Ii   IZ  IL IZ   IL
Ri Ri

VPS max  VZ VPS min  VZ

I Z max   I L min I Z min   I L max
Ri Ri

 
Design Problem: Determine Ri and zener diode specifications such that output voltage is +12V, load
current can vary between 0 to 0.1A. The input R
voltage may vary between 18 to 15.5V.
i

VL
II +
VPS IZ VZ IL RL
-

VPS  VZ VPS  VZ
Ii   IZ  IL IZ   IL
Ri Ri

VPS max  VZ VPS min  VZ

I Z max   I L min I Z min   I L max
Ri Ri

I Z max VPS min  0.1VPS max  0.9VZ

 10 Ri  PZ max  VZ I Z max
I Z min I L max
Design Problem: Determine Ri and zener diode specifications such that output voltage is +12V, load
current can vary between 0 to 0.1A. The input voltage may vary between 18 to 15.5V.

VPS min  0.1VPS max  0.9VZ

Ri   29
I L max

VPS max  VZ VPS min  VZ

I Z max   I L min  0.207 A I Z min   I L max  0.0207
Ri Ri

PZ max  VZ I Z max  2.48W

Check the design through simulations

VPS

VL
Design Problem-2: Determine Ri and zener diode specifications such that output voltage is +12V,
load current can vary between 0 to 0.1A. The input voltage may vary between 15 to 12.915V.

VPS min  0.1VPS max  0.9VZ

Ri   6.1
I L max

VPS max  VZ VPS min  VZ

I Z max   I L min  0.488 A I Z min   I L max  0.049
Ri Ri

PZ max  VZ I Z max  5.85W