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09 Fungi
09 Fungi
• Tubular
• Hard wall of chitin
• Crosswalls may
form compartments
(± cells)
• Multinucleate
• Grow at tips
Heterotrophic by Absorption
• Fungi get carbon from organic sources
• Hyphal tips release enzymes
• Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
• Products diffuse back into hyphae
Penicillium hyphae
Pilobolus sporangia
Amanita fruiting body
Hyphal growth from spore
germinating
spore
mycelium
Sel
Hifa Penghasil
Spora
Miselium
Cell walls - made of chitin. Same material that is in the external skeletons of
arthropods - insects, arachnids, and crustaceans.
Cadangan makanan berupa glikogen
Absorptive heterotroph
Such as:
Detritivore
Symbiosys
Parasite/pathogen
Anggota Fungi mendapatkan nutrisi melalui 3 cara :
1. Saprofit.
Menguraikan sisa bagian makhluk hidup yang sudah mati.
2. Parasit.
Mengambil nutrisi dari makhluk yang masih hidup.
3. Simbiosis.
Hidup bersama makhluk hidup lainnya.
Cacing
Nematoda
Malang
Hifa
1. Chytridiomycota
2. Zygomicotina
3. Ascomicotina
4. Basidiomicotina
1. Deuteromicotina
asci
zygosporangia basidia
motile spores
Chytridiomycota – “chytrids”
• Simple fungi
• Produce motile spores
• Mostly saprobes and
parasites in aquatic
habitats
• Could just as well be
Protists
• Heterotrof saprofit
• Tubuh disusun oleh hifa dan miselium.
• Hifa tidak bersekat.
• Spora dihasilkan oleh sporangium.
• Reproduksi menghasilkan spora dilakukan melalui 2 cara :
1. Aseksual : dilakukan saat kondisi lingkungan mendukung.
2. Seksual : dilakukan bila kondisi lingkungan kurang
mendukung
Siklus Hidup Jamur Rhizopus
1
2
Melakukan Konjugasi Key
Hasil konjugasi menghasilkan Zigospora
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic (n + n)
Zigospora dewasa
KONJUGASI
Hifa (+)
Hifa ()
Rhizopus
8
Spora berkecambah
menjadi hifa
REPRODUCTION
SEKSUAL
Sporangium 7
Sporangium Zygosporangium
memancarkan Dewasa
spora.
REPRODUKSI
MEIOSIS
ASEKSUAL
Penyebaran
Spora
50 m Hifa
5
Tumbuh dan berkecambah
Pilobolus
Contohnya : Jamur oncom / Neurospora crassa.
10 m
Reproduksi
Aseksual Konjugasi
Inti melebur
Reproduksi Seksual
Meiosis
Sel Ascus
menghasilkan
spora
Contoh : Jamur Merang / Volvariella volvachea
b. Dictyphora sp
d. Puffballs memancarkan
sporanya
c. Jamur kayu, tumbuh pada kayu
Yang sudah mati
Siklus Hidup Jamur Basidiomicotina
Konjugasi
Basidiocarp
Hifa (-)
Hifa (+)
Reproduksi Seksual
Key
Haploid (1n)
Heterokaryotic (1n + 1n)
Diploid (2n)
Bawah tudung jamur
Basidiomicotina inilah spora Sel Basidium
dihasilkan oleh sel basidium
Spora
(Glomeromycota)
Jamur yang belum diketahui cara reproduksi seksualnya.
1. Not a true phylum (not a natural group): polyphyletic
2. Fungi with no known sexual reproduction
3. Asexual reproduction by conidia
Fungal mutualisms
Questions:
1. Definition of mutualism vs. symbiosis
2. What fungal and photosynthetic partners are
involved?
3. What is the “currency” of the mutualism? How
do the partners benefit?
4. What is the structure and/or morphology of the
organismal interaction?
5. What is the ecological importance?
Fungal mutualisms
Definitions:
Symbiosis - 2 organisms living together in
intimate physical contact
Mutualism - both organisms benefit from the
relationship
Parasitism - one benefits, one loses
Commensalism - one benefits, other not affected
A. Lichens
1. Partners
a. Fungal partner
- gives protection
- mostly Ascomycetes (~25,000 spp.)
- only found in lichens (not free-living)
b. Photosynthetic partner
- gives fixed carbon (sugars)
- green alga or cyanobacterium
- can be free-living
Lichens
a. most of lichen body is fungal hyphae
b. photosynthetic partner in a distinct layer
c. sexual reproduction of fungal partner only
d. asexual reproduction: soredia, fragmentation
medulla
Morphology
fruticose
foliose crustose
Importance
a. rock weathering, soil
formation in primary
succession
- acid secretion
- trapping particulates
- nitrogen fixation
(cyanobacteria)
A. Lichens
4. Importance
b. winter food for caribou and reindeer in
Arctic
Importance
c. Indicators: susceptible to pollutants
Lichens as biomonitors
• Thalli act like sponges
• Some species more sensitive
• Which species are present can indicate air quality
• (Most resistant species can also be analyzed for
pollutants)
• Northwest Air Net Project
B. Mycorrhizae
“mycor” = fungus, “rhizae” = root
1. Partners
a. Fungus
- gets fixed carbon (sugars)
- both Zygomycetes and Basidiomycetes (a few Asco’s)
- relatively few Zygo’s: not plant species specific
- many Basidio’s: fairly plant species specific
1. Partners
b. Plant
- gets nutrients (mostly P) and water
- about 80% of all plant species are
mycorrhizal!!
2. Structure: two types of fungal/plant
contact
a. external (ectomycorrhizae)
- fungal sheath around root Smith 1999
- Basidiomycetes and about
5000 plant species (mostly woody)
Raven et al. 1999
Fig. 31.18
2. Structure: two types of
fungal/plant contact
b. internal (endomycorrhizae)
- hyphae penetrate root cells
- Zygomycetes
- 80% of all plants (many
herbaceous)
2. Structure: fungal mycelium
dramatic increase in “root”
surface area 10,000:1
No mycorrhizae
With mycorrhizae
Simbiosis Fungi dengan Algae (Lichen)