Chapter 7 -Memory

Recalling Long -Term

Memories
(Module 21)
Presentation by
Uzma Sahar
Amina Azhar
Minahil Iqbal
Bs Eng 5-B
Content

Uzma Sahar
• Retrieval Cues
• Level of processing
Amina Azhar
• Explicit and Implicit Memory
• Flashbulb Memories
Manahil Khan
• Constructive process in memory
Meera Alam
• Controversies
MODULE 21

RECALLING LONG-TERM MEMORY

Long term memory:

The phase or type of memory responsible for the
storage of information for an extended period of
time.

Tip of the tongue phenomenon:

The inability to recall information that one realizes
one knows,a result of the difficulty of retrieving
information from long term memory.
RETRIEVAL CLUES

A retrieval clue is a stimulus that allows us to

recall more easily information that is in long
term memory.

A retrieval cue can be a song , scent , picture

or anything that brings in memories of past.
RETRIEVAL CUES
Recall :
Memory task in which specific information must
be retrieved.

Recognition :
Memory task in which individuals are presented
with a stimulus asked whether they have been
exposed to it before or to identify it from a list of
alternatives.
LEVELS OF PROCESSING
(Craik and Lockhart 1972)
The levels-of-processing theory emphasizes
the degree to which new material is mentally
analyzed.

The idea that the way information is encoded

effects how well it is remembered. The
deeper the level of processing, the easier the
information is to recall.
LEVELS OF PROCESSING

Shallow processing
 Little attention to
meaning.
 Physical characteristics
only.
 Occurs during maintenance
rehearsal.
LEVEL OF PROCESSING THEORY

Deep processing
 Semantic processing(close attention to
meaning)
 Elaboration rehearsal(relationships with
other items in memory)
 Occurs during elaborative rehearsal
 • Intentional or conscious
recollection of
information
• Example: remembering a
Explicit date or name ,
Memory remembering topics
learned in class yesterday
, remembering what you
did yesterday etc.
 • Memories of which people are not
consciously aware but that affect
subsequent behavior and performance
• One common form of implicit memory is
procedural memory. This allows people to
store memories of how to follow specific
procedures. Once learned, these behaviors
become automatic and don’t require much
conscious thought.

Implicit • Examples of this kind of implicit memory

include:
memory
• Automatically using the complex motor
skills required to ride a bike.
• Remembering the right order of steps to
mop a floor.
• Navigating the rooms of one’s home.
• Recalling the words to a popular song after
someone sings the first few words.
 • Closely related to prejudice and
discrimination

• Specialists study implicit

memory through priming - a
Implicit Memory phenomenon in which exposure
to a word or a concept (called a
prime) later makes it easy to
recall related information, even
when there is no conscious
memory of the word or
concept.
 • Example: we watch a documentary on
Phobos, a moon of Mars. We forget the
name but recall it when looking at the
letters obos while solving a crossword
puzzle several months later. The sudden
Example of recollection occurred because our
memory was primed by the letters obos.
Implicit
Memory • Conclusion: when information that we
are unable to consciously recall affects
our behavior, implicit memory is at
work. (retention without remembering)
 • Memories centered on a specific, important
or surprising event that are so vivid as if
representing a snapshot of the event.
• They are primarily autobiographical and
heavy in emotional content.
Flashbulb • Examples: involving in a car accident,
meeting one’s roommate for the first time,
Memories graduation.

• Do not contain every detail of the scene.

• Details recalled in flashbulb memories are
often inaccurate.
 • Moment you opened
your result
• First airplane flight
• Meeting a roommate for
the first time
• Witnessing or getting
Common flashbulb involved in a road
memories
accident

• Source amnesia: when an

individual has a memory
for some material but
cannot recall where they
encountered it.
Presented by Manahil Iqbal

Constructive Processes in
Memory : Rebuilding the
past
 What is Constructive
process ?
What is Schema ?

Process in which memories are influenced by the

meaning we give to events .
Frederic Bartlett ( 1932) , a British psychologist
suggested that people tend to remember
information in terms of schemas .
Schemas :
They are organized bodies of information stored
in memory that bias the way new information is
interpreted , stored and recycled .
Examples :
1. Children’s game of “ Telephone
2. The description of picture with different
cultural and ethnic groups.
3.Young girl may first develop a schema for a
horse . She knows that a horse is large ,has hair
,four legs and a tail when she encounters a cow
or other animal she recalls the schemas.
Memory –Related
Errors ( In the
Courtroom)

•Calvin Willis was the victim of Mistaken

Identity when a young phsycally abused
victim picked out his picture as
perpetrator . On that basis , he was
convicted and sentenced to life in
prison . After 21 years when different
testings were done it was said that
Willis was innocent ,and the victim’s
identification was wrong .
 •When a criminal perpetrator displays a gun or
knife , it acts like a Perceptual Magnet attracting
the eyes of the witnesses .As a consequence
,witness pay less attention to other details and
due to this they are less able to recall what
actually occurred .
•The specific wording of questions posed to
eyewitness by police officers can effect the way
Reasons they recall the information .
•The use of words also effect the information
stored in memory as the use of words as smashed
,hit, collied etc when used by a policeman to
describe same accident the interpretation were
quite different as the words like smashed had
greater influence on the people and high speed of
cars was said by the people while hit and collied
words did not effect their interpretations .
Children’s Reliability
•The children’s memories are especially Suspectable to
Influence when the situation gets highly stressful
•As type of questions asked can effect them easily .
•Any kind of other pressures can effect their memory.
 Repressed and False
Memory

•George Franklin Sr., was a man charged with

murdering his daughter’s playmate. The entire
case was based on memories of Franklin’s
daughter, who claimed that she had repressed
them until she began to have flashbacks of the
event two decades later.