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  • Indulgence vs Restraint in 10 Minutes

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    The document summarizes research on a societal culture dimension called Indulgence versus Restraint (IVR). It finds that: 1) Indulgent societies have more lax social norms allowing free gratification of desires, while restrained societies strongly regulate needs through social rules. 2) IVR is measured using surveys comparing societies' levels of happiness, life control and other factors. Scores range from 0 (very restrained) to 100 (very indulgent). 3) Examples show indulgent countries like Mexico and Nigeria score high, while restrained countries like China, India and Russia score low. The scores generally remain stable over time as values are passed down.

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    The document summarizes research on a societal culture dimension called Indulgence versus Restraint (IVR). It finds that: 1) Indulgent societies have more lax social norms allowing free gratification of desires, while restrained societies strongly regulate needs through social rules. 2) IVR is measured using surveys comparing societies' levels of happiness, life control and other factors. Scores range from 0 (very restrained) to 100 (very indulgent). 3) Examples show indulgent countries like Mexico and Nigeria score high, while restrained countries like China, India and Russia score low. The scores generally remain stable over time as values are passed down.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    132 views9 pages

    Indulgence vs Restraint in 10 Minutes

    Uploaded by

    lolgay2
    The document summarizes research on a societal culture dimension called Indulgence versus Restraint (IVR). It finds that: 1) Indulgent societies have more lax social norms allowing free gratification of desires, while restrained societies strongly regulate needs through social rules. 2) IVR is measured using surveys comparing societies' levels of happiness, life control and other factors. Scores range from 0 (very restrained) to 100 (very indulgent). 3) Examples show indulgent countries like Mexico and Nigeria score high, while restrained countries like China, India and Russia score low. The scores generally remain stable over time as values are passed down.

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    of 9

    Indulgence versus Restraint in 10 minutes

    Geert Hofstede
    January 2015
    Origin of the terms “Indulgence” versus “Restraint”

    • Coined by Michael Minkov for covering certain societal


    differences revealed by the World Values Survey (WVS),
    and unexplained by Hofstede’s other five dimensions
    • Mainly related to national levels of subjective happiness
    and life control
    • Based on 1995-2004 WVS data for representative samples
    of the population in 93 societies
    Indulgence versus Restraint as a societal culture dimension

    • Indulgent societies allow relatively free gratification


    of basic and natural human desires leading to enjoying
    life and having fun
    • Restrained societies suppress gratification of needs and
    regulate it by means of strict social norms
    Indulgent societies Restrained societies
    • People feel healthier and • People feel less happy and less
    happier healthy
    • A perception of personal life • What happens to me is not my
    control doing
    • Leisure ethic • Work ethic
    • Optimism, positive attitude • Pessimism, cynicism
    • More extraverted personalities • More introverted personalities
    • Having friends very important • Having friends less important
    • Active participation in sports • Less sports participation
    • Less moral discipline • Stricter moral discipline
    • Looser sexual mores • Stricter sexual mores
    How is a society’s degree of indulgence vs. restraint measured?

    • There is no absolute standard for the degree of


    Indulgence versus Restraint
    • What we can measure is differences between societies
    • The position of societies relative to each other is
    expressed in an Indulgence versus Restraint Index
    score (IVR)
    • IVR values have been plotted on a scale from 0 to 100;
    scores close to 0 stand for a more restrained, scores
    close to 100 for a more indulgent society
    Some Indulgence versus Restraint (IVR) scores, out of 93
    Indulgent Restrained
    97 Mexico 48 France
    84 Nigeria 42 Japan
    78 Sweden 40 Germany
    71 Australia 30 Italy
    69 Britain 26 India
    68 Netherlands 24 China
    68 U.S.A. 20 Russia
    59 Brazil 04 Egypt
    Some examples of what these IVR scores correlate with
    Indulgent societies Restrained societies
    • Freedom of speech for all is • Maintaining order in the nation
    rated as very important is rated as very important
    • Higher crime rates, smaller • Lower crime rates, larger police
    police force force
    • In countries with educated • In countries with educated
    population, higher birthrates population, lower birthrates
    • In wealthy countries, more • In wealthy countries, less
    obesitas obesitas
    • Higher approval of foreign • Lower approval of foreign
    music and films music and films
    Long/Short Term Orientation x Indulgence/Restraint
    INDULGENT, SHORT-TERM INDULGENT, LONG TERM

    NIGERIA, SOUTH AFRICA SWEDEN, NETHERLANDS


    SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRIA, SWITZERLAND
    USA, CANADA, AUSTRALIA BRITAIN, BELGIUM

    POLAND, PORTUGAL ITALY, GERMANY


    ZIMBABWE, BURKINA FASO EASTERN EUROPE
    ISLAMIC COUNTRIES JAPAN, INDIA, CHINA

    RESTRAINED, SHORT-TERM RESTRAINED, LONG-TERM


    Don’t the IVR scores change over time ?

    • The scores reflect values transferred from parents to


    children, that rarely change in later life
    • Research by Sjoerd Beugelsdijk comparing answers to the
    same questions by two successive generations 30 years apart
    shows a modest worldwide shift towards more indulgence
    • However, the position of countries relative to each other
    remained the same; and this is what the scores are based on
    • So, the scores can be assumed to be stable over time

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