Passenger Concept and

Definition
DEFINITION OF TRANSPORT
“Any activities that move people and/or
goods from where they are to where they
would prefer to be or to where their relative
value is greater in a safe and economical
manner”
CONT’D
“ as a means for increasing human
satisfaction by the movement of goods and
passengers, so that inaccessible goods may
be moved to those points where consumers
require them, or consumers may be moved
to those points where inaccessible service
facilities may be enjoyed”
Benson D & Whitehouse “Transport and Distribution
Made Simple”
ACCESSIBILITY CONCEPT
• Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to
which a product, device, service, or environment is accessible by
as many people as possible.
• Viewed as the "ability to access" and possible benefit of some
system or entity.
• In Transport, accessibility refers to the ease of reaching
destinations. People who are in places that are highly accessible
can reach many other activities or destinations quickly.
• For a non-motorized mode of transport, such as walking or cycling,
the generalized travel cost may include additional factors such as
safety or gradient.
• An Accessibility Plan sets out how to improve access to
employment, learning, health care, food shops and other services
of local importance, particularly for disadvantaged groups and
areas.
MOBILITY CONCEPT
• the quality of moving freely
• The condition of being mobile; A measure of the extent to
which something is mobile; The movement of people or
things
• Ease of moving about. Often specifically meaning access to
a private vehicle for travel
• Mobility is movement that involves changing the position of
oneself or an object. A person with a mobility impairment
may have difficulty with walking, standing, lifting, climbing
stairs, carrying, balancing, or having the stamina and
endurance to do these kinds of activities.
• The ability to move or be moved easily.
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
• ‘part of a tpt system whereby the traffic (goods & pax) is
moved or transferred from one mode of tpt to another
without actually having to unload them, until its final
destination’
• ‘through’ tpt, system integration, balanced tpt
• Basic features:
1. All modes are expected to work towards enabling
movement of people & goods from one mode to another
without creating any expensive breakage or injury
2. Other main aspects
• Helps speed up movement
• Integration of infrastructure
• Avoid unnecessary costs
• Mainly involves the use of materials handling
 Main objectives:
1. To have continuity in flow/management of traffic from one
mode of tpt to another
2. To cut down competition & uneconomic use of resources
while coordinating and integrating tpt operations and services
3. Comprised the combined use of several tpt mode to provide
the most economic and effective tpt from origin to destination
4. Considers all modes of tpt as together – as one unit and not
isolated – a total system
5. Complements with one another in the act to provide the most
efficient and reliable services
SYSTEM CONCEPT - PASSENGER
• For passengers, factors needed:
1. Interchange/station/terminal
2. Ease of fare collection/integrated ticketing scheme
3. Parking bays
4. Application of Kiss and Ride, & Park and Ride

PARK AND RIDE

• A P&R concept is a simple ‘at grade’ car park with good
connectivity with bus/rail public tpt
• Basically the idea is that drivers will travel by car to the P&R area,
park the car and complete the journey by public tpt, usually rail tpt
• A variant of P&R is Kiss and Ride. Hence travelers are dropped off
in the morning and potentially picked up again later in the day
 • Essential features of P&R:
1. Location Criteria
• Should be close to a major urban corridor
• Should be adjacent to an existing public tpt line
• Sufficient all day parking spaces for genuine P&R travelers
• Dropping off and waiting space for Kiss and Ride users
• Away from road bottleneck
• Should be readily visible from the road in the urban corridor
• Access to the site by road should be good
• Not too close to any existing P&R facilities
• Parking security
• Ensure no on-street parking is P&R parking capacity is
exceeded
• Site expansion potential
• Adequate lighting for personal safety
PARK AND RIDE
Freight Concept and
Definition
INTERMODAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM

 The term ‘inter-modal is defined as:

‘The use of two or more modes of transportation in moving a

shipment from origin to destination’.

(Bardi, Coyle & Novack, 2006)

WHAT IS INTERMODAL TRANSPORT?

 Intermodalism is not something new

 The use of more than one mode of transport has

often been practiced before for both passenger and

freight movement
 However, the term intermodal transport is largely

applied to freight transportation

 In the freight transport sector, the growth of

intermodal transport is largely fueled by the

development of the ‘container’
BENEFITS OF INTERMODAL TRANSPORT
 Combines the advantages of each mode
 Intermodal service benefits from the advantage of each mode
 Consider the combination of air-road consignment
 For example, the shipment will have a higher overall speed than
an all road service and door-to-door accessibility as compared
to all air service
 Provides greater service coverage
 Intermodal transport allows shipment to be none dependent on
the inherent modal weaknesses
 For example, intermodal shipment allows a container to be
moved from a rail terminal to areas without rail service through
the use of lorries (road transport)
INTERMODAL TRANSPORT: PIGGYBACK CONCEPT
 Piggyback transport refers to the movement of
vehicles on another mode of transport
 This term is often used to describe the use of

trailers on flat rail cars and containers on flat rail

cars
 The piggyback system is a derivation of the

intermodal concept
SYSTEM CONCEPT – FREIGHT
• RORO (Roll-on, Roll-off)
Such ferry is a specialized vessel, designed for freight traffic & motorists and one of
its principle feature is its fast turnaround time, can be driven on board at 2 levels
simultaneously and doors at both ends for entry & exit

• LASH (Lighter Aboard Ship)

The concept where barge and lighter carrying ships that could load/unload laden
craft direct to a inland waterway.
SYSTEM CONCEPT – FREIGHT
Containerization
• The system concept for freight mainly focuses on containerization
• “a steel-framed box, with a strong floor and parallel sides, end and
roof”
• the doors at the open end can be secured and sealed giving good
protection against the pilferage
• the steel frame must be strong enough to support other containers
stacked above it (up to seven stacks high)
• containerization has led to the dev of integrated tpt system,
offering depot to depot services on worldwide routes for all types of
goods
- its intermodal nature of the transit, where containers move easily from one mode of
tpt to another
CONTAINERIZATION
Dimension of Container:
• Most of it are standard configuration (ISO Standard) with majority
having measurement of:
Length: 20ft, 40ft, 45ft and 60ft
Width: 8ft
Height: 8ft to 9ft 6inc
• A 40ft container is equivalent to 2 TEU’s
In Malaysia, the era of containerization starts in 1973,when the first
vessel carrying containers depart from Port Klang to Tokyo Bay.
However, the preparation has been done by government & LPK
since 1970 which includes roads & railways improvement, wharves
expansion, deepening of wharves and channels, yards, reefer points,
inland clearance depot, etc
CONTAINERIZATION
• There are variety types of containers
• General cargo
• Refrigerated
• Top loading
• Half height
• Open sided
• Flat rack
• Dry bulk
• Tanker
• igloo
Standard container

• Standard containers are also known as general purpose containers. They

are closed containers, i.e. they are closed on all sides. A distinction may be
drawn between the following types of standard container:
• Standard containers are mainly used as 20' and 40' containers. Containers
with smaller dimensions are very seldom used. Indeed, the trend is towards
even longer dimensions, e.g. 45'. The principal components of a standard
container are shown in following diagram of a 20' plywood container:
• Standard containers are used for all types general cargo (dry cargo).
High Cube Container

• High-cube containers are similar in structure to standard containers, but

taller. In contrast to standard containers, which have a maximum height
of 2591 mm (8'6"), high-cube containers are 2896 mm, or 9'6", tall. High-
cube containers are for the most part 40' long, but are sometimes made
as 45' containers

• High-cube containers are used for all types general cargo (dry cargo).
However, they are particularly suitable for transporting light, voluminous
cargoes and over height cargoes up to a maximum of 2.70 m tall.
Open Top Container

• The walls of open-top containers are generally made of corrugated steel.

The floor is made of wood.
• It has the following typical distinguishing structural features. The roof
consists of removable bows and a removable tarpaulin. The door header
may be swiveled out.
• These two structural features greatly simplify the process of packing and
unpacking the container. In particular, it is very easy to pack and unpack
the container from above or through the doors by crane or crab when the
roof is open and the door header is swiveled out.
• Open-top containers are used for all types of general cargo (dry cargo).
Their principal uses are as follows:
• packing and unpacking from above or through the doors by crane or
crab
Flatracks

• Flatracks consist of a floor structure with a high loading capacity

composed of a steel frame and a softwood floor and two end walls, which
may either be fixed or collapsible. The end walls are stable enough to
allow cargo securing means to be attached and several flatracks to be
stacked on top of one another. Flatracks are available in 20' and 40'
sizes.
• Flatracks are mainly used to transport heavy-lifts and over height or over
width cargoes.
Ventilated containers

• Ventilated containers are also known as passive (naturally) ventilated or

coffee containers. Ventilation is provided by ventilation openings in the top
and bottom side rails. The openings do not let in spray, to prevent
depreciation of the cargo by rain or spray, for example.
• If actively ventilated containers are required, i.e. containers with adjustable
ventilation, "porthole" containers may be used, which simultaneously act as
insulated or refrigerated containers.
• Ventilated containers are used especially for cargoes which have to be
ventilated in transit. One of the most significant of such commodities is
green coffee beans, hence the name coffee container.
Refrigerated Containers
Refrigerated and insulated containers are mainly available as 20' and 40'
containers. A distinction may be drawn between two different systems:
Integral Unit (Integral Reefer Container, Integrated Unit)
This type of refrigerated container has an integral refrigeration
unit for controlling the temperature inside the container
Porthole containers
This type of container is often referred to not as a refrigerated
container but as an insulated container, as it has no integral
refrigeration unit. On board, the inside of the container is
supplied with cold air via the ship's central cooling plant. The air
flows through the container in the same way as in integral units.
Cold air is blown in at the bottom and the "warm" air is removed
at the top.
Tank Containers

 Tank containers must be at least 80% full, to prevent dangerous

surging of the liquids in transit. On the other hand, they must
not as a rule be over 95% full, or there will not be sufficient space
for thermal expansion. The extent of thermal expansion may be
calculated for each cargo on the basis of the following formula
 Tank containers are used for liquid cargoes, such as:
 Foodstuffs: fruit juices, spirits, sweet oils

 Chemicals: hazardous materials, such as fuels, toxic

substances, corrosion protection agents

CONTAINERIZATION
CONTAINERIZATION
Advantages of using containers
• It consolidates cargo
• Can be handled more quickly & more easily
• Less packaging is needed
• Less labour in handling
• Economic utilization of cargo space volume
• Reduce pilferage
• Simpler documentation
• Facilitates transfer from one tpt modes to
another
• Faster turnaround time
• Saving on storage & warehousing
CONTAINERIZATION
Disadvantages of using container:
• Technical problems
- Needs for special ship, berths, container
parks, handling facilities and vehicles
• Operational problems
- cost of operating is enormous, especially in
ports, gantry cranes, getting back empty
containers
Others term
BACAT
Cabotage
Liner conferences