Unit- 1

Introduction
Introduction to Computer
• A computer is a programmable electronic device that accepts data
and instruction from input devices, process the data and provide
result as information in the output.
• Works on the basic principle of IPOS cycle( Imput-process-output-
storage)
Block Diagram of Computer
• Input Unit: is a unit that accepts any input.
• Central Processing Unit: also called brain of a computer.
• Major function of CPU are:
• Controls all the parts and software and data flow of computer
• Performs all operations
• Accept data from input device
• Send information to output device
• Execute program and stored in memory
CPU can be sub-classified as :
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
Registers
• Output Unit
• Memory/Storage Unit
• Primary memory: is computer memory that processor access directly.
Eg. RAM
• Secondary Memory: stores data and program permanently. Non-volatile in
nature. Eg. Hard disk, CD-ROM, Flash drive, etc.
Primary Memory: RAM VS ROM
Types of ROM
• PROM: Programmable Read-only Memory, a memory chip on which
data can be written only once. Once a program has been written onto
a PROM, it remains there forever. To write data onto a PROM chip,
you need a special device called a PROM programmer or PROM
burner.
• EPROM : Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory, it is a special
type of memory that retains its contents until it is exposed to
ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light clears its contents, making it
possible to reprogram the memory.
• EEPROM : Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory. It is
a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an
electrical charge.
Generation of Computers
• First Generation (1945-1956)
• Vacuum tubes
• Large in size
• Very slow
• Less accurate
• Consumed more power
• Used punched card as input and output
• Used machine level language
• Solve single problem at a time
• Eg. UNIVAC, EDVAC, ENIAC
• Second Generation( 1957-1964)
• Used transistor
• Comparatively smaller, faster and cheaper than 1st generation
• Used magnetic disk and tape for storage
• Assembly language were used
• Eg. IBM 1620
• Third Generation(1965-1974)
• Used IC technology
• More reliable, smaller in size, easier to