Lesson B - Basic Java Elements

Unit B1 – Program Elements

Lecture B Slide 1 of 6
Hello World Program, Again

// My First Program!!
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(“Hello World!”);
}
}

Lecture B Slide 2 of 6
Identifiers: Syntax
• Identifiers are the words a programmer uses in a program
• Identifier syntactic rules:
 Can be made up of any length of
• letters
• digits
• underscore character (_)
• dollar sign ($)
 Cannot begin with a digit
• Java is case sensitive
 User and user are completely different identifiers

Lecture B Slide 3 of 6
Identifiers: Semantics
• Identifiers names can come from the following sources
 Fixed in Java as reserved words
• public, class, static, void, method, …
 Chosen by the programmer to denote something
• HelloWorld, main, args
 Chosen by a programmer whose code we use:
• String, System, out, println

Lecture B Slide 4 of 6
Naming style
• The correctness of the program is not affected by the
names used
public class X7_65Tx { … }
• Names play a central role in the readability of the program
• They are part of its documentation
• They should thus be chosen carefully
 BankAccount, size, numberOfElements
• Follow conventions in choosing names!

Lecture B Slide 5 of 6
White Space
• Spaces, blank lines, and tabs are collectively called white
space
• White space is used to separate words and symbols in a
program
• Extra white space is ignored
• A valid Java program can be formatted many different
ways
• Programs should be formatted to enhance readability,
using consistent indentation

Lecture B Slide 6 of 6
Valid, but bad Indentation

public class
HelloWorld { public static void

main(String[]
args) {
System.out.println(“Hello World!”)
;}}

Lecture B Slide 7 of 6
Comments
• Comments are ignored and are treated as white space
• They should be written to enhance readability
 Explain what a piece of code does (its interface)
 Explain any special tricks, limitations, …
• Java has three comment formats:
 // comment to end of line
 /* comment until
closing */
 /** API specification comment */

Lecture B Slide 8 of 6
 Lesson 2 - Basic Java Elements
Unit B2 - Variables and Data Types

Lecture B Slide 9 of 6
Variables
• A variable is a location in memory that can hold values of
a certain data type
• Each variable must be declared before it is used
• The declaration allocates a location in memory to hold
values of this type
• Variable types can be
 primitive
 reference to an object

Lecture B Slide 10 of 6
VariableExample Program

public class VariableExample {

public static void main(String[] args){
int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println(x);
x = 4;
System.out.println(x);
}
}

Lecture B Slide 11 of 6
VariableExample Program (2)

public class VariableExample {

public static void main(String[] args){
int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println(x);
x = 4;
System.out.println(x);
}
}

x
Lecture B Slide 12 of 6
VariableExample Program (3)

public class VariableExample {

public static void main(String[] args){
int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println(x);
x = 4;
System.out.println(x);
}
}

x
Lecture B Slide 13 of 6
VariableExample Program (4)

public class VariableExample {

public static void main(String[] args){
int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println(x);
x = 4;
System.out.println(x);
}
}

3
x
Lecture B Slide 14 of 6
VariableExample Program (5)

public class VariableExample {

public static void main(String[] args){
int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println(x);
x = 4;
System.out.println(x);
}
}

4
x
Lecture B Slide 15 of 6
VariableExample Program (6)

public class VariableExample {

public static void main(String[] args){
int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println(x);
x = 4;
System.out.println(x);
}
}

4
x
Lecture B Slide 16 of 6
Primitive Data Types
• A data type is defined by a set of values and the
operators you can perform on them
• The Java language has several predefined types, called
primitive data types
• The following reserved words represent the eight different
primitive data types:
 byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean,
char

Lecture B Slide 17 of 6
Integers
• There are four integer data types. They differ by the
amount of memory used to store them

Value Range Bits Type

-127 … 128 8 byte

-32768 … 32767 16 short

about 9 decimal digits 32 int

about 18 decimal digits 65 long

Lecture B Slide 18 of 6
Floating Point
• There are two floating point types

Precision Range Bits Type

(decimal digits) (decimal digits)
7 38 32 float

15 308 64 double

Lecture B Slide 19 of 6
Characters
• A char value stores a single character from the Unicode
character set
• A character set is an ordered list of characters
 ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, … , ‘a’, ‘b’, … ,‘0’, ‘1’, … , ‘$’, …
• The Unicode character set uses 16 bits per character,
allowing for 65,536 unique characters
• It is an international character set, containing symbols and
characters from many world languages
• The ASCII character set is a subset of Unicode
• ASCII is the current standard (outside of Java)

Lecture B Slide 20 of 6
Boolean
• A boolean value represents a true/false condition.
• It can also be used to represent any two states, such as a
light bulb being on or off
• The reserved words true and false are the only valid
values for a boolean type

Lecture B Slide 21 of 6
Variable Declarations
• The syntax of a variable declaration is
data-type variable-name;
• For example
int total;
• Multiple variables can be declared on the same line
long total, count, sum;
• Variables can be initialized (given an initial value) in the
declaration
int total = 0, count = 20;
double unitPrice = 57.25;

Lecture B Slide 22 of 6
Variable Declaration Example

public class DeclarationExample {

public static void main (String[] args) {
int weeks = 14;
long numberOfStudents = 120;
double averageFinalGrade = 78.6;
System.out.println(weeks);
System.out.println(numberOfStudents);
System.out.println(averageFinalGrade);
}
}

Lecture B Slide 23 of 6
More Variable Examples

double pi, conversionRate, temprature;

long salary;
boolean isOn;
char c;

pi = 3.14159;
isOn = false;
c = ‘A’;
salary = 34000;
isOn = true;

Lecture B Slide 24 of 6
Constants
• We may declare that a variable is a constant and its value
may never change.
final double PI = 3.14159;
final int CHINA_OLYMPICS_YEAR = 2008;

• Advantages:
 readability
 efficiency
 error detection

Lecture B Slide 25 of 6
 Lesson 2 - Basic Java Elements
Unit B3 - Expressions

Lecture B Slide 26 of 6
Assignment Statements
• An assignment statement takes the following form
variable-name = expression;
• The expression is first evaluated
• Then, the result is stored in the variable, overwriting the
value currently stored in the variable

Lecture B Slide 27 of 6
Arithmetic Operators
• An operator is a mapping that maps one or more values
to a single value:
• Binary Operators:
a + b adds a and b
a - b subtracts b from a
a * b multiplies a and b
a / b divides a by b
a % b the reminder of divining a by b
• Unary Operator:
-a The negation of a

Lecture B Slide 28 of 6
Pounds to Kg conversion

public class PoundsToKg {

public static void main(String[] args){
double weightInPounds = 200.0;
final double KILOS_IN_POUND = 0.455;
double weightInKg;

weightInKg = weightInPounds * KILOS_IN_POUND ;

System.out.println(weightInKg);
}
}

Lecture B Slide 29 of 6
Pounds to Kg conversion 2

public class PoundsToKg2 {

public static void main(String[] args){
final double KILOS_IN_POUND = 0.455;
System.out.println(200.0 * KILOS_IN_POUND);
}
}

Lecture B Slide 30 of 6
Integer Division
• When division is performed on integers (byte, short,
int, long), the result is truncated to an integer.

int j = 5;
double x = 5.0, y;
System.out.println(j / 2); // 2
System.out.println(x / 2.0); // 2.5
System.out.println(5 / 2); // 2
y = j / 2 ; // 2

Lecture B Slide 31 of 6
Complex Expressions
• Expressions can combine many operators and operands
• Examples:
x
-34
weight * 2.73
2 * PI * r
a - (7 – b)
1 + 2 + 3 + 4
(x + y) * (2 - z + (5 - q)) * -(1-x)

Lecture B Slide 32 of 6
Operator Precedence
• Multiplication, division, and remainder (%) have a higher
precedence than addition and subtraction.
• Operators with same precedence evaluate from left to
right.
• Parenthesis can be used to force order of evaluation.

Lecture B Slide 33 of 6
Operator Precedence Examples

Result Expression
2 10 - 7 - 1

4 10 - (7 - 1)

7 1 + 2 * 3

9 (1 + 2) * 3

15 1 - 2 * 3 + 4 * 5

Lecture B Slide 34 of 6
Conversions
• Data types can be mixed in an expression
• When the expression is evaluated one type is converted to
another
• Data is converted to a wider type in three cases
 assignment conversion
 arithmetic promotion
 casting
• Can be converted to a narrower type only by casting
• List of types from narrowest to widest:
Narrow … Wide
byte short int long float double

Lecture B Slide 35 of 6
Conversion Examples

double f, x;
int j;
f = 5;
f = 5.0 / 2;
f = x * j;
f = 5 / 2;
f = (float) j / 5;
j = (int) f;
j = (int) 5.0 / 2.0;

Lecture B Slide 36 of 6
 Lesson 2 - Basic Java Elements
Unit B4 - Objects and Method Invocation

Lecture B Slide 37 of 6
Reference Types
• Variables can be declared to be of an object type. In this
case they hold a reference to an object of this type (class).
Turtle t;
String myName;
Date today;

t myName today

Memory

Lecture B Slide 38 of 6
Creating Objects
• Objects are created by invoking a constructor of the class.
Constructors may accept parameters.

Date today;
today = new Date(12345);// mSec since 1.1.1970
Turtle t = new Turtle();

Lecture B Slide 39 of 6
Creating Objects (2)
• Objects are created by invoking a constructor of the class.
Constructors may accept parameters.

Date today;
today = new Date(12345);// mSec since 1.1.1970
Turtle t = new Turtle();

today

Lecture B Slide 40 of 6
Creating Objects (3)
• Objects are created by invoking a constructor of the class.
Constructors may accept parameters.

Date today;
today = new Date(12345);// mSec since 1.1.1970
Turtle t = new Turtle();

today

12345

Lecture B Slide 41 of 6
Creating Objects (4)
• Objects are created by invoking a constructor of the class.
Constructors may accept parameters.

Date today;
today = new Date(12345);// mSec since 1.1.1970
Turtle t = new Turtle();

t today

12345

Lecture B Slide 42 of 6
Strings
Strings are objects that are treated by the compiler in special
ways:
 Can be created directly using “xxxx”
 Can be concatenated using +

String myName = “John Jones”;

String hello;
hello = “Hello World”;
hello = hello + “!!!!”;
int year = 2008;
String s = “See you in China in “ + year;

Lecture B Slide 43 of 6
Method invocations
• You may invoke methods on an object. Methods may
receive parameters.
• Methods may also return values.

Turtle leonardo = new Turtle();

leoardo.moveForward(100);
String lennon = “John Lennon”;
int len = lennon.length();
char initial = lennon.charAt(5);

Lecture B Slide 44 of 6
APIs
• To use an object you only need to know its application
programmer interface (API).
• The API of an object class includes a description of:
 all available constructors and methods and what they do
 the parameters they take and the values that they return
• The API is usually given in a special format called
javadoc.

Lecture B Slide 45 of 6
Javadoc example

Lecture B Slide 46 of 6
Javadoc example (2)

Lecture B Slide 47 of 6
Class Libraries
• A class library is a collection of classes that we can use
when developing programs
• There is a standard class library that comes with every
Java environment.
• Class Libraries are organized into packages
 java.net, java.lang, java.io, ...
• To use classes from a package you must either
 Import the package
 import java.io.*;
File f = new File(“John”);
 Or, use a fully qualified class name
java.io.File f = new java.io.File (“John”);

Lecture B Slide 48 of 6
RandomNumbers.java

import java.util.Random;
public class RandomNumbers {
public static void main (String[] args){
Random generator = new Random();
int num = generator.nextInt();
System.out.println ("A random int: " + num);
num = generator.nextInt();
System.out.print(“Another one: “ + num);
}
}

Lecture B Slide 49 of 6
 Lesson 2 - Basic Java Elements
Unit B5 - Input and Output

Lecture B Slide 50 of 6
Types of Input and Output (I/O)
• Terminal-based I/O
 System.out.println()
 System.in.xxxxx()
• Graphic User Interface
 Windows, Buttons, Mouse, …
• Stream based I/O
 Files, Web, Communication, Terminal-based I/O
• In this course we also provide our own classes:
 InputRequestor, OutputWindow

Lecture B Slide 51 of 6
The InputRequestor Class
• To use the input requestor, you must first create the
object:

InputRequestor inp = new InputRequestor();

• Then, you may use it to read primitive data types:

int i = inp.requestInt();
int i = inp.requestInt(“Enter age:”);
float f = inp.requestFloat();

Lecture B Slide 52 of 6
InputRequestor Behaviour
• A window will pop up every time you use the
requestXXX() method:

• The window will disappear only after you have typed a

legal input. The method returns this input.

Lecture B Slide 53 of 6
The OutputWindow Class
• Just as System.out enables you to display output in the
MS-DOS window, you may display output in your own
window.
• Create an OutputWindow object:

OutputWindow outwin = new OutputWindow();

• Useful methods in the output window:

 println() - just as regular println().
 clear() - clears the output window.
 showMessage() - pop up a message on the desktop.

Lecture B Slide 54 of 6
The Output Window

Lecture B Slide 55 of 6
The showMessage() Pop-up Window

Lecture B Slide 56 of 6
Circle Area and Circumference

public class CircleCalc {

public static void main(String[] args){
final double PI = 3.14159;
InputRequestor in = new InputRequestor();
OutputWindow out = new OutputWindow();
double r = in.requestDouble("Radius: ");
out.println("Radius = " + r);
out.println("Area = " + PI * PI * r);
out.println("Circumference = " + 2 * PI * r);
}
}

Lecture B Slide 57 of 6
 Lesson 2 - Basic Java Elements
Unit B6 - Introduction to Applets and Graphics

Lecture B Slide 58 of 6
The Web

Lecture B Slide 59 of 6
My First HTML Example

<H3>My First HTML File</H3>

<p>
Hello World!!!
<p>
Here is a link to
<a href=“http://www.cnn.com”>CNN</a>!

Lecture B Slide 60 of 6
My First Web Page

Lecture B Slide 61 of 6
Running programs in a web page
• Java was invented so that running programs can be
embedded in web-pages
• Such Java programs are called Applets
• This had to solve some problems
 Platform independence
• browsers have a built-in Java byte-code interpreter
 Security
• the program runs in the browser in a sandbox

Lecture B Slide 62 of 6
A Web Page with an Embedded Applet

Lecture B Slide 63 of 6
Writing Applets
• An Applet does not have a main method.
• Instead, it has a set of methods that control the interaction
with the user.
• An Applet inherits this interface from the
java.applet.Applet class
• The paint method has to paint the screen
 It receives a Graphics object, and uses it to paint
 The Graphics class has various drawXXX() methods

Lecture B Slide 64 of 6
Smiley.java
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
public class Smiley extends Applet{
public void paint (Graphics page){
page.setColor(Color.yellow);
page.fillOval(50,50,300,300);
page.setColor(Color.black);
page.fillOval(125,125,50,50);
page.fillOval(225,125,50,50);
page.drawLine(150,275,250,275);
}
}

Lecture B Slide 65 of 6
Smiley.HTML

<H3>My Smiley Applet</H3>

<applet code=”Smiley.class" width=400 height=400>
</applet>
<p>
Above this text you should see Smiley!!

• The Smiley.class file should be placed in the same

directory with Smiley.HTML

Lecture B Slide 66 of 6
Smiley

Lecture B Slide 67 of 6
Graphics Coordinates

10 150 X

20

45

page.drawLine (10, 20, 150, 45);

Lecture B Slide 68 of 6
Drawing an Oval

175 X

20

80

Y 50

page.drawOval (175, 20, 50, 80);

Lecture B Slide 69 of 6