Presented to : Ma’am Mudassir Jahan

Presented by : Farah Shaheen 022

Shamsa Tariq 004
Samra aiman 040
Amina batool 037
Maryam Nawaz 023
Khadija Afzal 044
Kinza ijaz 043
Views from the Periphery
 Periphery's general meaning is a circle, a
surrounding or a center of attraction. We can
compare it with atom where center is nucleus
and its surrounding is its periphery.
Canagarajah (2000) present arguments from
the other
side and ask: by looking at the entire
spectrum of the spread of the English
only from the perspective of the centre and
ignoring the current experiential
realities of the periphery
 World Englishes at Purdue University
prompted intense discussion and debate
not only of the issues of language dominance
and spread that the author
raised, but also of the rhetorical style and
strategies that he chose to present
a story of linguistic oppression.
The story of English language teaching and its
role in contributing
“constructively to greater linguistic and social
equality” and how “a critical
ELT
 the communicative language teaching
methodology, and the characterization of
periphery countries as ‘dominated
poor ones’ (Phillipson) as ‘potentially puzzling,
even insulting, if
not simply misleading’ . They are also critical
of Phillipson’s practice
of not identifying the sources of important
data and making generalizations
without citing evidence for them
 example of the former is This proposal
is put forward in the pages of a scientific
journal
The concept of periphery is not limited it is
vast and it does not stops at the people
only it involves the objects also.
 The strategies of marginalized

• The basic meaning of marginalized to put or keep

someone in powerless or unimportant position with
in a society or group.
• “Marginalized is a process of making a group or class
of people less important or relegated to a secondary
position.”
• It is a social phenomena whereby a majority group
feels excluded and their needs ignored.
• Criteria used to marginalized people include age,
language, race, religion and employment status.
 Continue……
• There are different types of marginalized such as, social,
economic and political marginalized.
• Pennycook makes a claim in 1994 “it is well-established
fact that the colonial education policy aimed to producing
an English-knowing elite while maintaining a majority
with local vernacular education so that elite could act as
agents of the empirical power in the colonies.
• Pennycook also links the standardization of language and
literary canon to be enterprise of maintaining the
dichotomies between the colonizes and colonized.
 Continue…..
• All the observations, however from the perspective
of the center, or the colonizers.
• There is another side to the colonial English
education that is not presented by the Pennycook
that is, the appropriate of the medium by the
colonized and their utilization of it for projecting
their own message.
• Canagarajah in 2000 makes a research on the people
of a town in Northern Srilanka.
 Continue…..
• The research illustrates the use of “false compliance,
parody, pre tense and mimicking” as strategies.
• The article point out the strategies that the colonized
people adopted “to construct/express their liberator
ideologies leading to their empowerment.”
• The author suggest that the ability of the English
language to inculcate pro-colonial ideologies by itself
and their suspicion that nothing could guarantee that
English would achieve the intended results.
 Strategy of Avoidness
• Avoidness involves ignoring the conflict entirely.
• Canagarajah (2002) begins with an anecdote
from “Jaffna”.
• The story is about a young man being baptized
into the alien religion.
• The story and man’s use of English lead
canagarajah to articulate a relationship
between language, discourse and ideology.
 Continue…..
• Periphery communication have negotiated the
ideological potentials of English.
• Some natives passively adopted pro-colonial discourse
and their ideologies
• This is label as the avoidness strategy.
The strategy of Discursive appropriation:
• A discourse strategy assumes as active interaction
of multiple parties of the communication.
• Separated the abstract sign system from
ideological constructs.
• Hindu revivalists started saivaite school to teach
Hindu discourse in English.
• Taught English language through translated texts.
 Continue….
• According to canagarajah, this is
discursive strategy in which a precursor
to the nativized variants of postcolonial
discourse have reached a highly visible
level.
• This is more creative and constructive
strategy compared to avoidness
strategy.
 The strategy of reinterpretation
• The action of interpreting something in a new or
different light is called reinterpretation.
• Example of Shakespeare
• what is English educated bilingual?
• Teaching of two academic content intwo language.
• English educated bilingual play important role in
the struggle of independence.
• Colonized people follow the code that provide the
colonizers.
 continued..
• The evident available in the words of political
leaders like Nahru and banda.
• The infusion of their own meaning in
Grammer of English by colonized has been
termed as the strategy of reinterpretation.
• Example of kachru model of English in term of
nativism.
 The strategy of accomodations

• According to chanagarajah,the English language

going through another ideological
transformation.
• post colonial world is the study of cultural legacy
of colonialism
• Example of British colonialism.
• Brtishers during the period of colonialism
introduce the strategy of accomodation in India,
Pakistan and Africa.
 conti...
• English language is the language of Britisher.
• That is considered and projecting as a medium
of modernism.
• Modernism is caused for break the intensions
towards own country historical traditions.
• So the English language represents
empowerment of people irrespective of caste,
religion,or regional identity.
Contrasting
ideologies
• Ideologies is a set of beliefs or
philosophies attributed to a person or
group of persons.
• And English has now become a
communication medium for many
Asian people.
• Canagrajah strives to defeat the monolingual
state of mind. His background and experience
with world Englishes give him a foundation for
encouraging...
• He also goes on to discuss the tension between
the ideological stances that support or oppose
English on nationalistic grounds in the periphery.
 Continues....

• He also refers to two circles as the "periphery"

and he notes that there may be a whole new
way to view native speakers.
• Many speakers in the periphery use English as
the first and dominant language.
• Many periphery communities have developed
their own localized forms of English.
• He also introduce a Caveat: That my
characterization of English as representing
multicultural discourse in the ultra-
nationalistic communities contrasts with
ideologies...
• It is possible that the positive ideologies
represented by English to bring them under
the ideological sway of center communities.
• Therefore periphery communities have to
use English critically...
 World Englishes

Ideology

• Ideology is a set of opinions or beliefs of a

group or an individual
• It also refers to set of political belief or set of
ideas.
• Capitalism, Communication, Socialism and
Marxism are ideologies.
 World Englishes
• It is a term for emerging localized or
indigenized verities of English
• It consists of identifying verities of English
used diverse socio-linguistics
• Concept of word Englishes has come under
criticism in several studies.
 Continue. …
• Canagarajan 1999 has reproached the world
Englishes paradigm for “the logical of the
prescriptive and elitish tendencies of the
center linguistics
• Pennycook has also criticized
• He is unhappy with world the location of
nationally defined identities within the circle
 Continue. ..
• Parakrama 1995 has criticized the world
Englishes paradigm for suggesting that in
certain domains
• Use of English is perceived to be more neutral
than local language in the outer circle and
expanding circles
• Language and verities do not owe their
existence to codification, they are there
because people use them
 Continue. …
• Standard languages are being used for
exercising power and control
• Human societies use standard languages for
different purposes
• people are divided according to who use and
who do not use standard language
• Researchers are not primary agents of the
policies of nation-states.
 Conclusion
• English is used for political bargaining
• It is divider of those who
Have access to it
Don’t have access to it
• It interferes with traditional languages a links
to culture
• There is a role of periphery in English spread
 Continue. …
• How passively the colonized accepted the ELT
ideologies
• What strategies are used by them
• The issue of power, ideology and politics
associated with English