Modul Epanet

Introduction
Introduction to Epanet
Objective of this presentation.
- Understand why it is necessary to make a water supply
simulation
- What to consider before, while and during the
simulation
- How the software works, without becoming an expert
Introduction to Epanet
What is Epanet
• EPANET is a computer program that performs extended period
simulation of hydraulic and water quality behavior within pressurized
pipe networks.
• It reproduces the behavior of a network in order to carry out tests
and find solutions.
• It makes a mathematical representation of the relationships among
its components. It runs trials on “what would happen if…”
• Not really user friendly, 2003, no further developed after v2 (2008)
• No plugins
Introduction to Epanet
Alternative to Epanet
• WaterCad (commercial)
• WaterGems (commercial)
• Netplan (commercial)
• WatDis (free)
• PfCalc (open source)
• Branch (DOS, 1997)
• many others
Introduction to EpanetBefore starting with Epanet
(or any other similar software)
New design vs existing
network:
• Problem with data
reliability
• Problem and location
and size of each of the
leak are unknown
• Diameter and roughness
of pipes have been
modified (oxide deposit,
scaling,
undocumented/illegal
modification) From infrastructure to services
• Normally people do not • The concrete objective of any water
know or presume the project is to provide a service using certain
quality of the network infrastructures. But too often,
infrastructures end up getting all the
attention
Introduction to Epanet
Before starting with Epanet (or any other similar software)
Key criteria for a successful project:
• The system is sustainable technically and
instructionally over time
• It guarantees equal access for every body
• It’s adaptable and can be altered
Introduction to Epanet
Before starting with Epanet (or any other similar software)
When shall we build a network?
• Concentrated population
• Population has social cohesion
• The water source can be exploited in a sustainable way
Introduction to Epanet
Before starting with Epanet (or any other similar software)

When shall we build a network?

• It should not create environmental
problems (stagnant water, drainage
• Topography should allow the
project (cost, pumping, flat area)
• Consider the context Urban
developed countries vs rural
developing country
Introduction to Epanet
Before starting with Epanet (or any other similar software)
Why should we calculate network?
• Networks that aren’t designed properly devalue the
work and effort of communities (and donors/Authorities)
that are asked to collaborated
• They are dangerous. The emptying and filling of pipes
due to lack of pressure sucks pathogens into the interiors
of the pipes, facilitating contamination of the pipes,
therefore disease proliferation.
• They are fragile. Depressurized networks get full of air.
When they are filled with water, the air needs to be
evacuated => Risk of water hammer (destroy pipes,
creates cracks and leaks)
• The network might not be extendable
• The selected material / size might not be the economical
solution
Introduction to Epanet
Before starting with Epanet
Practical information
• Download software for free at URL: https://www.epa.gov/water-research/epanet
• User manual at URL: https://
cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=NRMRL&dirEntryId=95662
• Manual Epanet and development (from my Yandex): https://yadi.sk/i/g84WAD1FZldAVA
• Epanet is available in Spanish, French and Portuguese at www.epanet.es
• Many GIS and CAD software offer plugins for Epanet
Introduction to Epanet
Before starting with Epanet
What Epanet can do
• Determining what pipes with which diameters should be used
• Determine what improvements and /or extensions the network needs
• Determine where to install the tanks, valves and pumps
• Dimensioning of tanks
• Pumps selection
• Studying chlorine’s behaviour and the necessity to establish secondary chlorination points.
• Estimation of energy consumption for pumps
• Simulation of the behaviour of different element, such as pressure reducing valves, pressure
sustaining valves
Introduction to Epanet
Before starting with Epanet

What Epanet can NOT do

• Epanet assumes the quasi-equilibrium condition. It can not simulate
abrupt changes in the network (i.e. energy failure at pumping station,
water hammer, sudden shutting of a non return valve, pipe bursting,
etc.
• Evaluate the consequences for the presence of air inside the network
• With Epanet is not possible to simulate open channels (river, sewer)
(SWMM)
Program Epanet
Essential parameters of a network
Elevation
• The elevation of the single elements of a network
are essential parameters
Pressure
• Beneficiaries receive water at every water point

Velocity (of water in the pipe)

• Big vs small pipe (expensive vs high operational cost)

Water demand
• How much water is requested at the water points?

Water availability
• How much water is available at the source ?

Component of the network

• Type of pipes, pumps, reservoirs, valves, tanks
Program Epanet
Essential principles for a water network
1. Equation of continuity

Q = v / A = const
● v = velocity m / s
● Q = flow m³ / s
● A = Pipe section transversal m²

Big diameter, low velocity Small diameter, high velocity

Program Epanet
Essential principles for a water network
2. Friction loss along pipes
Energy is dissipated due to friction of water (particle)
The Darcy-Weisbach formula is the most
theoretically correct. It applies over all flow
Darcy-Weisbach
regimes and to all liquids.

The Hazen-Williams formula is the most Hazen-Williams

v*
commonly used headloss formula in the US.
It cannot be used for liquids other than water
and was originally developed for turbulent =
flow only.

Chezy-Manning
The Chezy-Manning formula is more
commonly used for open channel flow.
Program Epanet
Essential principles for a water network
2. Friction loss along pipes

Darcy-Weisbach
(mm)
0.25908
0.3048 – 3.048

0.01524
0.001524
0.04572
0
Program Epanet
Essential principles for a water network
3. Bernoulli’s equation

Speed Elevation Pressure

Program Epanet
Design of a network
Branched network
• Less reliable
• Quality problem (stagnation of water)
• Cheaper

Looped network (grid)

• more reliable, robust, adaptability (especially when data is
uncertain)
• More expensive
Program Epanet
Epanet 6 main objects
Junctions

Pipes

Valves
Tanks

Pumps
Reservoir

CAS WASH Modul Epanet

Program Epanet
Junction
A junction is a point at a certain height, where water can
leave the network. This outlet is created by assigning it a
demand. When a negative demand is assigned , it is
automatically turned into an inlet. A borehole can also be
shown as a junction where the height represents the
water level inside. In junctions, demand is known and
pressure is unknown.
Program Epanet
Reservoir
• The reservoir works as a drain or as a water source.
The volume remains constant regardless of water
input or output because of its huge size in comparison
to the system. In order to picture what they could be
like, think of a river, lakes, aquifer…
• The main parameter of the source is the head
(elevation)
Program Epanet
Tank
• Tanks have a limited capacity to store water and the
water level increases or decreases as they fill of empty.
• Tanks are considered round (in Epanet)
• Main parameter are: radius, elevation, initial level,
max level, min level
Program Epanet
Pipe
Pipes convey the water from one part to the system to
another. Epanet assumes that pipes are always full.
Furthermore, it assumes that by using their properties
they are capable of being opened or closed, and limiting
the flow to one direction therefore it is not necessary to
add check valves to the model. As water travels through
pipes, part of its energy is dissipated by friction.
Program Epanet
Pipe
Main parameter of the pipes are:
• End node
• Start node
• Length
• Diameter
• Roughness (depends on material)
Program Epanet
Pump
• Pumps pump water from a lower part of the network
to an higher part.
• It is wise to avoid them as much as possible and try to
create gravity flow system.
• Main parameter: Start node, end node, pump curve
Program Epanet
Valve
• Pressure reducing valve (PRV)
• Pressure sustaining valve (PSV)
• Pressure breaker valve (PBV)
• Flow control valve (FCVO
• Throttle control valve (TCV)
• General purpose valve (GPV)
Try to avoid in developing
contexts due to their high
cost and difficulty in
obtaining spares.
Remember that non–retour
valve can be incorporated in
the pipes characteristic
Program Epanet
Drawing the network
• No need to draw precisely if automatic length option is
switched off
• Keep automatic labelling of the objects. Updating label
would be very time consuming
• Keep in mind that Epanet doesn’t have the undo
option, therefore save the different trials
Program Epanet
Drawing the network
Note all the changes in order to remember it while doing
several trials
Program Epanet
Drawing the network
Note all the changes in order to remember it while doing
several trials

Let’s start drawing a

simple network
Drawing the network
Basic main configuration of Epanet

Defaults / ID labels
1.Open Epanet
2.Select Project| Default
3.ID labels
Set the parameters accordantly
Drawing the network
Program configuration

Defaults / Properties
4. Select the default parameter as per
convenience

31
Drawing the network
Program configuration

Defaults / Hydraulics
5. In the windows “Hydraulics” select “Flow Units”
with the unity you prefer i.e LPS (liter per second)
 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis

Objectives:
We develop a very simple water supply composed by:
1. Source (borehole)
2. Pump from borehole to “elevated” tank (25m3)
3. Gravity distribution to the village (or refugees camp) from tank
4. Distribution points in the village with a given demand

Existing data
1. Borehole yield and dynamic water level (elevation)
2. Pump performance data
3. Nodes location and elevation
4. Type and length of pipe
5. Elevation, type and size of reservoir
6. Average water demand at water distribution points over 24 hr
(daily water consumption)
 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis
Necessary data related to the Epanet network
Junction Elevation (m) Information
J1 913 Settlement 2; 20 families; 4’000 l/d; 0.0463 l/s
J2 912 Settlement 3; 40 families; 8’000 l/d; 0.0926 l/s
J3 915 Settlement 4; 60 families; 12’000 l/d; 0.139 l/s
J4 910 No demand; joint control valve

J5

916 Settlement 1; 50 families; 10’000 l/d; 0.115 l/s

TOTAL 170 families, 850 individuals, 34’000 l/d, 0.395 l/s

Round reservoir, 25.1 m3, 4m diameter, 2.5m wall height, ground elevation 930m (inlet),
Tank 930 Elevation overflow 932m.
Borehole
(R1) 890 Good water quality, seasonal variation on yield, max 15m3/h min 11m3/h
NB 32-200.1/207 A-F-A-BAQE
Pump located few meter from spring (see Grundfos webcaps for selection,
(Pu1) 890 www.grundfos.com)

Pipes
uPVC
 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis
Insert the backdrop map

1. Develop a map and save it on *.emf

2. Select View / backdrop
3. Load the map

NOTE:
•The map is not geo-reference yet.
• Auto-length is off.
• Best extension for backdrop map is *.emf
(best resolution)
Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis

Drawing the network

1. Add “reservoir at the spring.

(if the toolbar is not visible View -> Toolbars

->Map).

CAS WASH Module Epanet

Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis

Drawing the network

Eventually zoom in
 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis

Drawing the network

1.Click twice on the R1 and the parameters setup of the borehole (reservoir) appears
Coordinates do not play a
role yet
Important you put the
elevation (*Total Head)
(in meter) of the dynamic
water level.

(dropdown considered)

CAS WASH Module Epanet

 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis
Drawing the network
1. Add “Junctions”
2. Set parameters
Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis
 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis

Elevation of junctions:
• Consider the real high of the outlet of the pipe
not just the ground elevation.
• Consider putting a junction at each high and low spot (air relief valve, drain valve
Necessary for maintenance of pipe)
• Draw the section of the pipe

Demand
• Demand can vary during the day, week, season, culture
• Demand is different depending of the type of settlement
Camp, rural, semirural, urban, industry, agriculture
• Consider water demand for cattle
• Demand need to consider the growth rate (normally over 30 years)
• Consider extension of the network, design easily enlargeable network
• Ev. plan the construction in several phases
• Model is designed for the peak consumption point (Fire extinguisher)
 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis

Sphere handbook

Refugees setting: Tap stand has normally 6 taps => 45 l/m => 0.75 l/s
Max 250 people per tap
Max. 500 meter distance from dwelling
Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis

Drawing the network

1. Add “Tank”
2. Set parameters

CAS WASH Module Epanet

 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis

Drawing the network

Add “Tank”
Set parameters for the reservoir Set parameters

Initial water level in the reservoir 1m

Ev. fire reserve!

Volume of round tank:

2m X 2m X 3.14 X 2m (height) =25.13m3
Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis

Drawing the network

Adding the pump

In Epanet pumps are delimitated by

two (points) Junctions

(zoom in)
Add a new junction (J6) and
between spring (R1) and J6 insert
the pump

(Pu1)

CAS WASH Module Epanet

 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis
Adding the Pump
Insert parameter for the Junction (J6) and Pump

• Online catalogues for pump

• Check the local marked
• Consider solar pump (Lorentz)
 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis
Create the Pump curve 1

Pump curve taken from the graphic

Curve can be saved for future use
 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis
Drawing the network
Adding the Pump

Insert the parameters for pump (Pu1)

This number must correspond

to the pump curve number (Curve ID)

If you plan to calculate the power

consumption and power cost fill the
parameters
 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis
Drawing the network
Adding the pipes

Draw pipe from J6 to J4 (zoom in)

 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis
Drawing the network
Adding the pipes
Insert parameters for pipe (Pi1)

Length given

Estimate the diameter with

Q=vA v=Q/A, A=Q/v (v ~ 1-2 m/s)
Roughness depends on type/age of pipe
and used formula

check valve restricting flow to one

direction

Note: Swiss Firefighters’ regulation:

minimal diameter 125 mm
Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis

Drawing the network

Adding the rest of the links
(pipes)
 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis
Drawing the network Insert parameters for pipes
 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis
Drawing the network
uPVC pipes
Code ND Pressure IntD C Pressure Thickness
  (mm) Bar (mm)   m H2O mm (max)
P20-16 20 16 17.0 140 162.56 1.5
P25-12 25 12.5 22.0 140 127 1.5
P25-16 25 16 21.2 140 162.56 1.9
P32-10 32 10 28.8 140 101.6 1.6
P32-12 32 12.5 28.2 140 127 1.9 It is important to know the
P32-16 32 16 27.2 140 162.56 2.4
P40-6 40 6.3 37.0 140 64.01 1.5 type/brand and their properties
P40-10 40 10 36.2 140 101.6 1.9
P40-12 40 12.5 35.2 140 127 2.4 of the pipes you are using.
P40-16 40 16 34.0 140 162.56 3
P50-6 50 6.3 46.8 140 64.01 1.6
P50-10 50 10 45.2 140 101.6 2.4
P50-12 50 12.5 44.0 140 127 3
Providers usually have that
P50-16 50 16 42.6 140 162.56 3.7 information.
P63-5 63 6 59.2 140 60.96 1.9
P63-6 63 6.3 59.0 140 64.01 2
P63-10 63 10 57.0 140 101.6 3
P63-12 63 12.5 55.4 140 127 3.8
P63-16 63 16 53.6 140 162.56 4.7
P75-5 75 6 70.6 140 60.96 2.2
P75-6 75 6.3 70.4 140 64.01 2.3
P75-10 75 10 67.8 140 101.6 3.6
P75-12 75 12.5 66.0 140 127 4.5
P75-16 75 16 63.8 140 162.56 5.6
P90-5 90 6 84.6 140 60.96 2.7
P90-6 90 6.3 84.4 140 64.01 2.8
P90-10 90 10 81.4 140 101.6 4.3
P90-12 90 12.5 79.2 140 127 5.4
P90-16 90 16 76.6 140 162.56 6.7
P110-6 110 6.3 104.6 140 64.01 2.7
P110-10 110 10 101.6 140 101.60 4.2
P110-12 110 12.5 99.4 140 127 5.3
P110-16 110 16 96.8 140 162.56 6.6
P125-6 125 6.3 118.8 140 64.01 3.1
P125-10 125 10 115.4 140 101.60 4.8
P125-12 125 12.5 113.0 140 127 6 CAS WASH Module Epanet
 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis
Running the system (single analysis)
If system doesn't work, error
message will be displayed and
source of error explained

CAS WASH Module Epanet

 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis
Running the system (single analysis)

CAS WASH Module Epanet

 Develop a simple network with Epanet and run the analysis
Running the system (single analysis)

The single analysis helps you to identify the main characteristics and ev.
mistakes on the system, but doesn't give you a realistic overview of the
behaviour of your system over time.

An analysis over time (i.e. 3 days; 72 hs) helps you to understand better the
system.

For such analysis, we need to develop patterns (behaviour changes over time)
Modul Epanet
Introduction

End of the part 1