DATA PRESENTATION

pt 2 of Course Unit 2
Learning Objectives
▪ Explain the purpose and importance of data presentation
▪ Enumerate the essential components of a table
▪ Discuss the meaning of graphs
▪ Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of
graphical presentation of data
▪ Identify appreciate graphs to use for a given data
▪ Discuss the description and function of the different
graphs
Review
Basic concepts
Pictures of Data
▪ Depict the nature or shape of the data distribution
METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA
▪ Textual

▪ Tabular

▪ Graphical
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
1. Organize data 2. Summarize data
▪ Tables ▪ Central Tendency (or Groups’
• Frequency Distributions “Middle Values”)
• Relative Frequency Distributions • Mean
• Median
▪ Graphs • Mode
▪ • Bar Chart or Histogram ▪ Variation (or Summary of
▪ • Stem and Leaf Plot Differences Within Groups)
• Range
▪ • Frequency Polygon
• Interquartile Range
• Variance
• Standard Deviation
Table Presentation
▪ Convey information that has been converted into words or
numbers in rows and columns.

▪ Tables are the most appropriate for presenting individual

information, and can present both quantitative and
qualitative information.

▪ Useful for summarizing and comparing quantitative

information of different variables and information with
different units can be presented together
WHAT IS A FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
Suppose we ask a sample of 30 teenagers each to tell us how
old they are. The list of their ages is shown in Table 5.1
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

It is now easy to see how often each age occurs

 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
▪ A table listing all classes and
their frequencies

▪ For nominal and ordinal data,

a frequency distribution
consists of a set of classes or
categories along with the
numerical counts that
correspond to each one.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
▪ To display discrete or continuous data in the
form of a frequency distribution, break down
the range of values of the observations into a
series of distinct, non-overlapping intervals.
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
▪ The proportion of the total number of
observations that appears in that interval.

▪ It is computed by dividing the number of

values within an interval by the total number of
values in the table, multiplied by 100% to
obtain the percentage of values in the interval.

▪ Relative frequencies are useful for comparing

sets of data that contain unequal numbers of
observations
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
CUMULATIVE RELATIVE FREQUENCY
▪ Is the percentage of the total
number of observations that have
a value less than or equal to the
upper limit of the interval

▪ It is calculated by summing the

relative frequencies for the
specified interval and all previous
ones.
CUMULATIVE RELATIVE FREQUENCY
Text Presentation
▪ Main method of conveying information as it is used to explain results
and trends, and provide contextual information.
▪ Data are fundamentally presented in paragraphs or sentences.
▪ For instance, information about the incidence rates of delirium following
anesthesia in 2016–2017 can be presented with the use of a few
numbers:
▫ “The incidence rate of delirium following anesthesia was
11% in 2016 and 15% in 2017; no significant difference of
incidence rates was found between the two years.”

 If this information were to be presented in a graph or a table, it

would occupy an unnecessarily large space on the page, without
enhancing the readers' understanding of the data
 Graph Presentation
▪ Graphs simplify complex information by
using images and emphasizing data
patterns or trends, and are useful for
summarizing, explaining, or exploring
quantitative data.

17
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
A. BAR CHARTS
▪ Popular type of graph used to display a frequency distribution for
nominal or ordinal data.

▪ In a bar chart, the various categories into which the observations

fall are presented along a horizontal axis.

▪ A vertical bar is drawn above each category such that the height
of the bar represents either the frequency or the relative
frequency of observations within that class.
 B. HISTOGRAMS
▪ A histogram depicts a frequency
distribution for discrete or
continuous data.
▪ It is a bar graph in which the horizontal
scale represents classes and the
vertical scale represents frequencies.
▪ The horizontal axis displays the true
limits of the various intervals.
▪ The true limits of an interval are the
points that separate it from the
intervals on either side.
HISTOGRAM
C. PARETO CHART
D. PIE CHART
▪ Useful for comparing
individual categories with
the total.
E. FREQUENCY POLYGONS
▪ It is constructed by placing a point at the center of each interval
such that the height of the point is equal to the frequency or
relative frequency associated with that interval.
▪ Points are also placed on the horizontal axis at the midpoints of
the intervals immediately preceding and immediately following the
intervals that contain observations.
▪ The points are then connected by straight lines.
FREQUENCY POLYGONS
FREQUENCY POLYGONS
Rating
(Midpoint) Frequency
0 - 2 (1) 20
3 – 5 (4) 14
6 – 8 (7) 15
9 – 11 (10) 2
12 – 14 (13) 1
F. SCATTER PLOTS
(One-Way Scatter Plots)
▪ Another type of graph that can be used to summarize
a set of discrete or continuous observations.
▪ Uses a single horizontal axis to display the relative
position of each data point in the group.
 F. SCATTER PLOTS
Box Plots
▪ Box plots are similar to one-way
scatter plots in that they require a
single axis; instead of plotting
every observation, however, they
display only a summary of the data
 F. SCATTER PLOTS
Two-Way Scatter Plots
▪ Used to depict the relationship
between two different
continuous measurements.
▪ Each point on the graph
represents a pair of values;
▪ The scale for one quantity is
marked on the horizontal axis,
or x-axis, and the scale for the
other on the vertical axis, or y-
axis.
G. Line Graphs
▪ Similar to a two-way scatter plot in that it can be
used to illustrate the relationship between
continuous quantities.
▪ Each point on the graph represents a pair of values.
▪ Adjacent points are connected by straight lines
▪ Useful for representing time-series data\
▪ Useful for studying patterns and trends across data
▪ Also appropriate for representing not only time-
series data, but also data measured over the
progression of a continuous variable such as
distance.
LINE GRAPHS
LINE GRAPHS
OTHER PICTURES OF DATA
Dot Plot
OTHER PICTURES OF DATA
Stem-and Leaf Plot