Fault locator with 2 ended

measurement
Power Transmission
and Distribution
 Fault Locator: Load and Fault Resistance

ILoad
ZLA ZLB VA VB

IA IB
VA RF VB IA
IB

Due to load current there is an angular = IA+IB - IA

displacement between the voltages. This angle
X
and possible differences in the source
impedance angle cause the angular displacement UARC/ISC1
between current IA and IB. As a result, the voltage 1 + k0
drop accross RF is affected by this angle between ZL1
the currents.

The single ended measurement cannot

compensate for this. R
 Fault Locator: 2 ended with transmission line equation

IA RL XL RL XL IB

CL CL CL CL
RL XL CL
VA RF VB
are distributed
positive sequence
VA
VB line resistance,
inductance and
capacitance
VRF

Based on measured positive sequence voltage and current from both line ends, the
positive sequence voltage drop along the line upto the fault location is calculated. At
the fault location the calculated voltages from end A and end B are equal.

Data from both ends are required for the computation.