The Topics:

COMPARE AND CONTRAST OF WRITTEN A CROSS DISCIPLINE

E X E M PLI FI CAT I O N
C LA S S I F I C AT I O N
C O N T R A S T A N D C O M PA R I S O N
DEFINITION TEXT
PROBLEM SOLUTION TEXT
CAUSE AND EFFECT
PER S UAS IVE
 Compare and Contrast
Patterns of Written a Cross
Discipline
Writing Across the Disciplines meets two main objectives:
 First, and most importantly, writing is a way of learning. Writing helps
students think through the ideas and concepts in a given course, giving
them ownership of the information they are gaining.

 Secondly, frequent writing assignments actually help students improve

their writing through practice. Though strengthening writing skills is not
the primary goal of writing in content courses, it is a desired outcome.
Students need more writing practice than one or two composition
courses can give them. If they are writing in many classes, they will
develop and maintain good written communication skills.
 There are actually many different ways to think about and organize
information in the body of an essay, using different patterns of development.
These patterns, referred to academically as “rhetorical modes,” mirror the
ways in which humans think about their worlds and organize their thoughts
in order to communicate.

The term rhetorical modes refers to the different styles and techniques
we use when we write. This chapter will discuss different modes,
explaining the specific aspects and techniques involved in these methods
of communication.
The rhetorical modes are a set of tools that allow you different methods to
effectively communicate information to your audience.
Ancient rhetoricians, including Aristotle and Cicero, developed techniques
that writers used to gather, categorize, and explore common features in sets
of information.
They identified “topoi,” or patterns, which were those general features
shared in any idea or argument regardless of the content of that argument,
including definition, relationship, and/or division.

Knowing that these common patterns of human thought exist, will help you
as a writer to both develop and organize information in your essays.
 C LA S S I F I C AT I O N
Is the method by which one distributes things into groups,
classes or categories to make writing more orderly and
systematized.

It is a process related to categorization, the process in which

ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and
understood. Organisms are grouped together when they have
common features.
Principles in
Classifying
o CONSISTENCY
Making parallel similarities between or among the divisions.

o EXCLUSIVENESS
No overlapping between or among the item divided and classified.

o COMPLETENESS
No important part is omitted in the writing.
 CAUSE & EFFECT
A cause is something that produces an event or condition.

an effect is what results from an event or condition.

The purpose of the cause-and-effect essay is to determine how

various phenomena relate in terms of origins and results.
Sometimes the connection between cause and effect is clear, but
often determining the exact relationship between the two is very
difficult.
 CAU SE & EFFECT

 For example, the following effects of a cold may be easily identifiable:

a sore throat, runny nose, and a cough. But determining the cause of the
sickness can be far more difficult.

A number of causes are possible, and to complicate matters, these possible

causes could have combined to cause the sickness. That is, more than one
cause may be responsible for any given effect. Therefore, cause-and-effect
discussions are often complicated and frequently lead to debates and
arguments.
The Purpose of Cause
and Effect in Writing
It is often considered human nature to ask, “why?” and
“how?”.
We want to know how our child got sick so we can better
prevent it from happening in the future, or why our colleague
a pay raise because we want one as well.
We want to know how much money we will save over the long
term if we buy a hybrid car.
These examples identify only a few of the relationships we
think about in our lives, but each shows the importance of
understanding cause and effect.
 DEFINITION TEXT

A kind of text that not only explains what a particular word

means but also what it does, what it is used for, what it looks
like, etc.

This text requires the readers to perceive the dynamic

meanings of a word and the concepts that are associated with
it.
Example Of Definition of Text:

It was a dark and stormy night. In her attic bedroom, Margaret

Murry wrapped in an old patchwork quilt, sat on the foot of her
bed, and watched the trees tossing in the frenzied lashing
of the wind.

Viruses contain protein and generic material. But viruses don’t

act like living things. They can’t eat, grow, break down food, or
use oxygen. In fact, a virus can’t function on its own. A virus can
reproduce only inside a living cell that serves as a host.
PROBLEM & SOLUTION
 A problem in general is an unsatisfactory situation that causes
troubles or difficulties.

 A solution, a way to deal with the situation so that the

troubles or difficulties are removed.
 3 Variations of
Problem-Solution
Pattern of Development
 The problem-solution pattern of development is used in writing to deal with
topics that pose problems and present solutions in a logical manner.

o PROBLEM-SOLUTION PATTERN
The problem-solution pattern is a straightforward approach. The writer
states the problem directly and gives a possible solution.

o PROBLEM-CAUSE-SOLUTION PATTERN
The problem-cause-solution pattern allows the writer to identify and
analyze the cause of the problem before presenting a possible solution.

o PROBLEM-PROCESS-SOLUTION PATTERN
Allows the writer to discuss the process or procedure that leads to the
solution of the problem.
 C O M PA R I S O N & C O N T R A S T
Comparison
 Comparing is the act of evaluating two or more things by determining the
relevant, comparable characteristics of each thing, and then determining
which characteristics of each are similar to the other, which are different,
and to what degree.

 Also comparison uses simile or metaphor and analogy to show the

similarity of the concept being defined to the idea that is more appealing
to the sense of the reader
Writers use comparisons to compare people, places, things, and ideas that
may be unfamiliar to things that are familiar in order to help readers better
understand what they are attempting to convey.
 Example Of Comparison:

1) Love is like reading a

book.

2) Her smile was as bright as the sunshine.

3) Life is a long and winding road.

4) The child was a bear when he woke up with a sore throat.

5) The leaves fell like bright copper coins

 C O M PA R I S O N & C O N T R A S T
Contrast
is a rhetorical device through which writers identify differences between two
subjects, places, persons, things, or ideas. Simply, it is a type of opposition
between two objects, highlighted to emphasize their differences. And
Contrast understanding that two similar concepts are different.

 Often means “opposite”: for example, black is the opposite of white, and
so there's a contrast between black ink and white paper. But contrast can
also happen when the two things are just very different.

For example, cats and dogs are definitely a contrast, but they're not
opposites.
Example Of Contrast:

1) Being loyal and faithful are two different situation.

2) Chicken meat is white, whereas, cow meat is red .

3) He is very handsome, but he is very rude person.

4) The weather was snowy, yet it's was not cold.

5) Although she love her job, she decided to quit the job.
E X E M PLI FI CAT I O N

uses specific, vivid examples for the

purpose of adding more information to
explain, persuade, define, or illustrate a
general idea.
 Techniques in
Supporting Claims
through Exemplification
o VISUAL ILLUSTRATION
appeal to the sense of sight.

o FACTS
concepts, ideas and statements that are assumed true, real and/ or existing.

o ANECDOTES
brief narratives within a piece of writing.
o DETAILS
entails analyzing which focuses on the smallest part.

o OPINIONS
interpretation of a person on a certain event, idea, concept, etc.

o OBSERVATIONS
make use of descriptions appealing to the senses.
 PERSUASIVE TEXT

Persuasion is convincing others to change their point of

view, agree to a commitment, purchase a product or service, or
take a course of action. Oral and written persuasive skills are
valued in the workplace.
How to Identify The
Persuasive Text?
A persuasive text is any text where the main
purpose is to present a point of view and seeks to
persuade a reader. A persuasive text can be an
argument, exposition, discussion, review or even
an advertisement.
How do you write a
persuasive text
structure?
 Introduction
This is where you'll introduce the topic at hand.
Talk about why the subject is so divisive or
important, and why a decision needs to be made.
 Body
Use each paragraph to introduce a new point to
support your thesis. Once you've introduced your
point, make sure to use evidence to back up what
you're saying. Link your paragraphs together so
they flow properly, and create a bigger picture.
 Conclusion
Use this section to tie all of your main arguments
together. Nothing new should be introduced here.
 Represented by GROUP #1
THE LEADER: Puso, Florence Aika
THE MEMBERS: Patricio, Diane Princess
Fernando, Axhel Ace
Patricio, Charl Lia
Hernandez, Darlon
Zulueta, Felrose
(San Buenaventura, Eiji)