Breathing system

 L.O:
 Understand what is breathing
 Describe the structure of the thorax, including the ribs,
intercostal muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, and alveoli
Keywords: alveoli-ribs-intercostal muscles-trachea-
bronchioles.
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 What is breathing?
The breathing system is used by the body
to get the oxygen needed for respiration.
It is also use to get rid of the waste product
of respiration, the gas carbon dioxide.
Breathing in and breathing out are separate
processes in the body:

Breathing in is also known as inhalation. When you inhale

you breathe in air, including oxygen, into your lungs.
 
Breathing out is also known as exhalation. When you
exhale you breathe out the contents of our lungs and getting
rid of the waste gas carbon dioxide.

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 What is breathing?
The body uses the respiratory system to get the oxygen
needed for respiration.

It is also used to get rid of one of the waste

products of respiration: the gas carbon dioxide.

Breathing in and breathing out are separate

processes in the body.

Breathing in is called inhalation. When you inhale, you breathe air, including oxygen,
into your lungs.

Breathing out is called exhalation. When you exhale, you breathe out the
contents of your lungs and get rid of the waste gas carbon dioxide.
 Basics of breathing
Humans breathe to ensure that oxygen enters the body
and that carbon dioxide leaves the body.

The breathing system

 
 

Oxygen (O2)

Carbon Dioxide
(CO2)
 The Respiratory System
Trachea – has stiff rings
Bronchi of cartilage to prevent it
collapsing
Bronchioles Rib muscles – to raise
and lower the ribs

Ribs – to protect
the chest Lung
Alveoli (“air sacs”)
Diaphragm –
– gas exchange
muscular sheet
takes place here

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Cartilage at
end of ribs
allows them
to move
during
breathing.

The ribs
protect the
heart and
lungs.
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 Branching bronchi
Each bronchus now starts branching to produce
smaller and smaller tubes.

bronchi

these smaller branches are

known as bronchioles

One bronchus gives rise to many bronchioles. The overall effect is similar to the
branching of a tree from a central trunk.
This branching of the bronchi occurs within both lungs.

 
 Diagram of
In reality, the lungs are different in shape.
a lung
Here is a more accurate diagram.

Right Lung
trachea
cartilage
right
bronchus
pleural
membrane
location of the heart

bronchiole
 A model of the lungs

1- When the rubber sheet is pulled down

→The balloons inflate.
2- When the rubber sheet is pushed up
→The balloons deflate
https://youtu.be/6oMFAMqSlq4
Measuring the lung volume
• 1- Take deep breath.
• 2- Exhale through a tube into a
container of water.
• 3- volume of air breathed out =
volume of water displaced
• https://youtu.be/cy4kzOeLD5E
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Keeping airways clean and mechanism of breathing

• L.O:
• Describe the role of goblet cell in producing mucus and
the role of cilia in sweeping mucus out of the trachea for
keeping airways clean and clear.
• understand the role of the intercostal muscles and the
diaphragm in ventilation
Keywords: intercostal muscles-ribs- goblet cells- mucus-
cilia.
 Cartilage in trachea
Diagram of trachea with cartilage rings.

You can think of the trachea as a These rings are made

tube lined with C-shaped supporting of a tough material
rungs. called cartilage. They
help to hold the tube
open.

You may be wondering why they are C-shaped and not full circles.
 A clever design

Well, if a tube were lined with fixed circles of cartilage, it would

have a fixed diameter…

Although this would stop the tube

from collapsing, this would also
mean that the tube would not be
able to expand.
cartilage
When we breathe in, the trachea
must expand to allow more air in.

trachea
 Therefore, a C-shaped piece of cartilage can change shape.

 
 Ciliated epithelial cells
The cells that line the wall of the trachea show two special adaptations.

tiny hairs called cilia

produce a sticky liquid -
mucus

Ciliated epithelial cells

We say the cells show specialisation.

These specialised cells have a particular job to do.
 The trachea
As well as being adapted on its outer surface, the trachea shows adaptations
on its inner lining.
 
If we look closely at the inner surface of the trachea…

 
trachea

ciliated epithelial cells

 The presence of mucus and cilia on the lining of the trachea
ensures that the air we breathe is clean and free from disease.

microbes travelling
down the trachea
within inhaled air

microbes become stuck

ciliated cells
within the mucus

mucus being made by the goblet cells

 Elevator action
Once the microbes are stuck in the mucus, the cilia move
the mucus upwards using a wafting action. The mucus
passes up to the top of the trachea where it can either be
swallowed or coughed out of the body.

coughed out

swallowed
 Gas exchange

L.O
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange
takes place
 explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion
Keywords:
alveoli-diffusion-gas exchange-surface area-moist-highly vascularised.

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 Alveoli:
Millions of them exist inside the lung to increase its surface area.
Tiny air sacs through which air pass in and out.
Their walls are surrounded by millions of blood capillaries .
Gases pass quickly between the air inside them and the blood.
Smokers often cough which cause the damage of their alveoli.

Thus decrease the surface area of the lung that makes

gas exchange more difficult

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 The alveoli have several adaptations for efficient gas exchange:

1- They have a large surface area

2- They have a moist surface (the gases must be dissolved so that they can diffuse across
the surface)

3- They have a thin lining

4- They have a good blood supply

Note: oxygen will diffuse from the alveoli (where oxygen is present MORE) to the
deoxygenated blood (where oxygen is present LESS)
diffusion: movement of molecules form a high concentration ( high amount) to a low
concentration (low amount)

What about carbon dioxide ???

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 Gas exchange

Alveoli are very good at exchanging gases because…

1) They have a LARGE surface area
2) They have a good blood supply
3) They have a thin lining
4) They are moist
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 Gas exchange
Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli – oxygen is transferred
into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out of the blood.

Each alveolus has a thin wall so that gas exchange between

the lungs and the blood can take place quickly.
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 GASE EXCHANGE PROCESS.

●
Oxygen
Oxygen is
●
Oxygen diffuse to
Bloo delivered
Air enters to Lung the blood
d to all the
the lung through
cells
alveoli

At last waste Then they

and carbon diffuse to Cells gives the
dioxide Bloo
Air Lung the alveoli carbon dioxide
leaves the d
inside the and waste to
alveoli by the lung the blood
air

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Comparing inhaled and exhaled air

gases Air breath in Air breath out

oxygen 21% 17%

Carbon dioxide 0.03% 4%

Nitrogen 79% 79%

water low % saturated

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 Asthma

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 The alveoli

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 Exhalation & Inhalation

• Lesson objectives:
Understand the role of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
in inhalation and exhalation.
Keywords:
diaphragm-intercostal muscles-inhalation exhalation.

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 Braething

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 Breathing Out Breathing In

Inhalation happens because the diaphragm contracts

and the ribs expand (lift up). This increases volume
so reduces pressure in the lungs and air rushes in.
Exhalation is the opposite.
The mechanism of ventilation

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 Breathing

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 Exercise, respiration and ventilation
Energy is used up by the active muscles
during exercise. The rate of respiration
must therefore increase to supply enough
energy to the muscles.

This means that more oxygen must be

breathed in and more carbon dioxide
breathed out.

During exercise, why does:

 the heart rate increase

 the rate and depth of breathing increase

 the arteries supplying the muscles dilate?

 Carbon dioxide
The brain can detect the level of carbon dioxide in cells.

When the level of carbon dioxide increases during

exercise, the brain must coordinate ways to prevent the
levels reaching toxic levels.

One way the brain deals with a build up of

carbon dioxide during exercise is by increasing
the rate of breathing.

This increases the rate of gas exchange and the

removal of carbon dioxide from the lungs.
 Inhalation

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 Exhalation

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 Breathtaking features
The breathing system does not have a fixed shape.

trachea
ribs
rib muscles

right bronchus

diaphragm
Right Lung Left Lung

It has the ability to move, whilst remaining enclosed within the protection of the
ribcage.
 Inside the heart
The inside of the heart is divided into two sections so that
the two types of blood (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor)
are kept apart.

right side left side

of the heart of the heart
oxygen-poor oxygen-rich
blood blood

Remember that the heart is always labelled as if it is in a

body facing you, so the right side of the heart is on the
left of the diagram.
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 The two sides of the heart

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 How does blood circulate around the body?

The left side of

the heart pumps
oxygen-rich blood
to the rest of the body.
This blood supplies
the body’s cells with
oxygen.
What gas does the
blood then pick up
from the body’s cells
and where does the
blood go next? body’s
cells

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 How does blood circulate around the body?

Blood picks up
carbon dioxide from
the body’s cells.
This oxygen-poor
blood then travels
back to the right side
of the heart.
The oxygen-poor
blood needs to lose
the carbon dioxide and
pick up more oxygen.
How does it do this? body’s
cells

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 How does blood circulate around the body?

Next, the right side

of the heart pumps lungs
oxygen-poor blood
to the lungs.
In the lungs the blood
gets rid of the waste
carbon dioxide and
collects more oxygen.
Where does this
oxygen-rich blood
then travel to?
body’s
cells

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 How does blood circulate around the body?

The oxygen-rich
blood then returns lungs
to the left side of the
heart.
This completes the
blood’s journey
around the body.
Why is the journey
of blood through the
circulatory system
called a double
circulation? body’s
cells

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 A double circulatory system
During one complete
circuit of the body,
blood passes through
lungs
the heart twice.
The heart has two
jobs to do and so the
circulatory system
involves a double
circulation.
What are the two jobs
that the heart carries
out during this double body’s
circulation? cells

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 Which way does blood flow?

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 Two types of blood
The circulatory system carries two types of blood:

oxygen-rich oxygen-poor
blood blood

 blood travelling  blood travelling

c
to the body cells away from the body cells
 high oxygen content  low oxygen content
 low carbon dioxide  high carbon dioxide
content content

The arrangement of the circulatory system means that these

two types of blood do not mix. Why is this important?
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 Coronary heart disease and heart attack
(Hint  -blocked coronary arteries
due to cholesterol and fatty deposits,
-blocked blood to heart muscle,
-no enough oxygen and food,
-cells may die
-result is heart attack, death )

Coronary heart disease Bupa UK.flv

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 The body’s transport system
The dissolved food and
oxygen needed for
respiration are carried lungs
around the body by the
circulation system.
The circulation system
includes the blood, blood
vessels, the heart and
the lungs.
Which part of the
circulation system
actually carries dissolved body’s
food and oxygen to the
body’s cells? cells

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 Blood
The blood carries oxygen and dissolved food to all the body’s
cells so that respiration can take place.

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 What does it transport?
• Oxygen from lungs to all parts of body in red blood
cells.
• Carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the
lungs in plasma.
• Nutrients from the gut to all parts of the body in
plasma.
• Urea from the liver to the kidney.
• Hormones, antibodies and many other substances
are transported to the required place
• Heat is also distributed by blood.

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 Your beating heart
The heart is made of very special
muscle called cardiac muscle.
This is because it has to keep
beating for the whole of a
person’s life!
If you tried to do the same action
repeatedly (like the heart does),
your muscles would get tired and
after a while stop working.
For example, if you keep clenching and unclenching your
hand, it will get tired and may even start to get cramp.
Why is it important for respiration that the heart keeps
beating?

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 Different types of activity
What happens to the pulse rate whilst
someone is running?
The body needs to release more energy:
 so oxygen and glucose need to reach
muscle cells quickly;
 so blood is pumped around the body faster;
 so the pulse is faster.

What happens to the pulse rate whilst

someone is sleeping?
The body needs to release less energy:
 so oxygen and glucose need to reach muscle cells slowly;
 so blood is pumped around the body slower;
 so the pulse is slower.

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Circulation

1) Blood gets pumped from 2) The blood is then

the heart to the lungs and taken back to the
picks up oxygen heart…

3) The heart pumps

the blood to the
intestine (where
oxygen and
glucose are
5) After the oxygen and removed)…
glucose have been
removed for respiration the
blood is sent back to the
heart and starts again
4) … and to the rest of
the body (where oxygen
is removed)
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