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Breathing and Gas Exchange Tarek New
Breathing and Gas Exchange Tarek New
L.O:
Understand what is breathing
Describe the structure of the thorax, including the ribs,
intercostal muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, and alveoli
Keywords: alveoli-ribs-intercostal muscles-trachea-
bronchioles.
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What is breathing?
The breathing system is used by the body
to get the oxygen needed for respiration.
It is also use to get rid of the waste product
of respiration, the gas carbon dioxide.
Breathing in and breathing out are separate
processes in the body:
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What is breathing?
The body uses the respiratory system to get the oxygen
needed for respiration.
Breathing in is called inhalation. When you inhale, you breathe air, including oxygen,
into your lungs.
Breathing out is called exhalation. When you exhale, you breathe out the
contents of your lungs and get rid of the waste gas carbon dioxide.
Basics of breathing
Humans breathe to ensure that oxygen enters the body
and that carbon dioxide leaves the body.
Oxygen (O2)
Carbon Dioxide
(CO2)
The Respiratory System
Trachea – has stiff rings
Bronchi of cartilage to prevent it
collapsing
Bronchioles Rib muscles – to raise
and lower the ribs
Ribs – to protect
the chest Lung
Alveoli (“air sacs”)
Diaphragm –
– gas exchange
muscular sheet
takes place here
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Cartilage at
end of ribs
allows them
to move
during
breathing.
The ribs
protect the
heart and
lungs.
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Branching bronchi
Each bronchus now starts branching to produce
smaller and smaller tubes.
bronchi
One bronchus gives rise to many bronchioles. The overall effect is similar to the
branching of a tree from a central trunk.
This branching of the bronchi occurs within both lungs.
Diagram of
In reality, the lungs are different in shape.
a lung
Here is a more accurate diagram.
Right Lung
trachea
cartilage
right
bronchus
pleural
membrane
location of the heart
bronchiole
A model of the lungs
• L.O:
• Describe the role of goblet cell in producing mucus and
the role of cilia in sweeping mucus out of the trachea for
keeping airways clean and clear.
• understand the role of the intercostal muscles and the
diaphragm in ventilation
Keywords: intercostal muscles-ribs- goblet cells- mucus-
cilia.
Cartilage in trachea
Diagram of trachea with cartilage rings.
You may be wondering why they are C-shaped and not full circles.
A clever design
trachea
Therefore, a C-shaped piece of cartilage can change shape.
Ciliated epithelial cells
The cells that line the wall of the trachea show two special adaptations.
trachea
microbes travelling
down the trachea
within inhaled air
coughed out
swallowed
Gas exchange
L.O
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange
takes place
explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion
Keywords:
alveoli-diffusion-gas exchange-surface area-moist-highly vascularised.
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Alveoli:
Millions of them exist inside the lung to increase its surface area.
Tiny air sacs through which air pass in and out.
Their walls are surrounded by millions of blood capillaries .
Gases pass quickly between the air inside them and the blood.
Smokers often cough which cause the damage of their alveoli.
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The alveoli have several adaptations for efficient gas exchange:
2- They have a moist surface (the gases must be dissolved so that they can diffuse across
the surface)
Note: oxygen will diffuse from the alveoli (where oxygen is present MORE) to the
deoxygenated blood (where oxygen is present LESS)
diffusion: movement of molecules form a high concentration ( high amount) to a low
concentration (low amount)
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Gas exchange
●
Oxygen
Oxygen is
●
Oxygen diffuse to
Bloo delivered
Air enters to Lung the blood
d to all the
the lung through
cells
alveoli
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Comparing inhaled and exhaled air
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Asthma
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The alveoli
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Exhalation & Inhalation
• Lesson objectives:
Understand the role of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
in inhalation and exhalation.
Keywords:
diaphragm-intercostal muscles-inhalation exhalation.
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Braething
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Breathing Out Breathing In
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Breathing
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Exercise, respiration and ventilation
Energy is used up by the active muscles
during exercise. The rate of respiration
must therefore increase to supply enough
energy to the muscles.
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Exhalation
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Breathtaking features
The breathing system does not have a fixed shape.
trachea
ribs
rib muscles
right bronchus
diaphragm
Right Lung Left Lung
It has the ability to move, whilst remaining enclosed within the protection of the
ribcage.
Inside the heart
The inside of the heart is divided into two sections so that
the two types of blood (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor)
are kept apart.
Blood picks up
carbon dioxide from
the body’s cells.
This oxygen-poor
blood then travels
back to the right side
of the heart.
The oxygen-poor
blood needs to lose
the carbon dioxide and
pick up more oxygen.
How does it do this? body’s
cells
The oxygen-rich
blood then returns lungs
to the left side of the
heart.
This completes the
blood’s journey
around the body.
Why is the journey
of blood through the
circulatory system
called a double
circulation? body’s
cells
oxygen-rich oxygen-poor
blood blood
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The body’s transport system
The dissolved food and
oxygen needed for
respiration are carried lungs
around the body by the
circulation system.
The circulation system
includes the blood, blood
vessels, the heart and
the lungs.
Which part of the
circulation system
actually carries dissolved body’s
food and oxygen to the
body’s cells? cells
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Blood
The blood carries oxygen and dissolved food to all the body’s
cells so that respiration can take place.
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What does it transport?
• Oxygen from lungs to all parts of body in red blood
cells.
• Carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the
lungs in plasma.
• Nutrients from the gut to all parts of the body in
plasma.
• Urea from the liver to the kidney.
• Hormones, antibodies and many other substances
are transported to the required place
• Heat is also distributed by blood.
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Your beating heart
The heart is made of very special
muscle called cardiac muscle.
This is because it has to keep
beating for the whole of a
person’s life!
If you tried to do the same action
repeatedly (like the heart does),
your muscles would get tired and
after a while stop working.
For example, if you keep clenching and unclenching your
hand, it will get tired and may even start to get cramp.
Why is it important for respiration that the heart keeps
beating?
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Different types of activity
What happens to the pulse rate whilst
someone is running?
The body needs to release more energy:
so oxygen and glucose need to reach
muscle cells quickly;
so blood is pumped around the body faster;
so the pulse is faster.
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Circulation