TURBOMACHINERY

SYED FAHAD HASSAN| ME-233

 INTRODUCTION

• Pumps and Turbines are also called fluid machines.

• Pumps – Add energy to the fluid – Pumps, Fans, Blowers, Compressors
• Turbines – Extract energy from the fluid
• Fluid Machines are divided into two categories
 Positive Displacement Machines – Static Type
 Turbomachines – Dynamic Type

• So far pumps and turbines have been treated like black boxes, which alter the flow and
give us the final state.
 INTRODUCTION

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES

Force a fluid in or out of the chamber by changing the volume of the chamber.

Energy transfer is achieved by movement of the boundary of the closed volume, causing
the volume to contract or expand.

Common Examples : Tire Pump, Human Heart and Gear Pump

What about the Internal Combustion Engine?

 TURBOMACHINES

Turbomachines are mechanical devices that either extract energy from a fluid (turbine)
or add energy to a fluid (pump) as a result of dynamic interactions between the device
and the fluid.

This interaction is generally Fluid – Solid Interaction, more commonly known as FSI.

What happens when we stir a spoon in tea or coffee?

Basic operating systems are same even when it is liquid or gas.

Liquid – Cavitation
Gas – Compressibility Effects
 TURBOMACHINES

Axial Flow
Mixed Flow Depending on direction of Flow
Radial Flow

• For an axial-flow machine the fluid maintains a significant axial-flow direction

component from the inlet to outlet of the rotor.
• For a radial-flow machine the flow across the blades involves a substantial
radial-flow component at the rotor inlet, exit, or both.
• In other machines, designated as mixed-flow machines, there may be significant
radial- and axial-flow velocity components for the flow through the rotor row.
TURBOMACHINES
TURBOMACHINES
TURBOMACHINES
How do we know whether a turbomachine is
a pump or a turbine?

We know that the tangential component of velocity is

significant and it is the variation in this component
which will determine the entire flow inside a
centrifugal pump – the big question is how?
 EXAMPLE

 V2 V1

 V2 V1
SOME BASIC ANGULAR MOMENTUM CONCEPTS
All turbomachines involve the rotation of a rotor or an impellor about a
central axis, thus the performance is discussed on the basis of torque and
angular momentum mostly.

Angular momentum is mass times the distance from the axis of rotation
times the tangential component of the absolute Velocity.
Thus

Where Tshaft is the shaft torque applied

-ve sign is associated with the mass flow rate into the control volume and
+ve sign is associated with the mass flow rate out of it.
 SOME BASIC ANGULAR MOMENTUM CONCEPTS

Now Recall;
 

And U = r

Thus

Please note that the Value of is positive when and U have the same
direction.

Also when shaft torque and are in the same direction i.e. in case of a
pump, and vise versa.
The velocity component Vx is the generic through-flow component of velocity and it can be axial, radial, or in-
between depending on the rotor configuration.
CALCULATIONS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

OR
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 Now if = 90 then

And from this fig, we can

see that
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
What about the flowrate?

The flowrate, Q, is related to the radial component of the absolute velocity through the
equation

Where b2 is the impeller blade height at the radius r2

This equation shows that the ideal or maximum head rise for a centrifugal pump varies linearly with Q
for a given blade geometry and angular velocity.
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 For actual pumps, the blade angle falls in the range of with a normal range of 15 – 35 degree
and normal range of 20 The normal range for is 1

1. Blades with are called backward curved

2. Blades with are called forward curved.

Pumps are not usually designed with forward curved vanes since such pumps tend to suffer
unstable flow conditions.
 PUMP PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

Where ha is the actual head rise across the pump – Remember hp

hs is the shaft work head
And hL is the pump head loss
 PUMP PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

Power gained by the fluid

When expressed in terms of horse power, this power is usually called water horse power and is given by

Pump overall efficiency is the ratio of power actually

gained by the fluid to the shaft power supplied.
 PUMP PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
 The overall pump efficiency is affected by the hydraulic losses in the pump, as previously
discussed.

The mechanical losses in the bearings and seals.

Power loss due to leakage of the fluid between the back surface of the impeller hub plate
and the casing, or through other pump components. This leakage contribution to the overall
efficiency is called the volumetric loss.

Thus, the overall efficiency arises from three sources, the hydraulic efficiency, H the
mechanical efficiency M, and the volumetric efficiency V

= HMV
 PUMP PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

Performance characteristics for a given pump geometry and operating speed are usually given in
the form of plots of ha, η and bhp versus Q - commonly referred to as capacity.
 NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
On the suction side of a pump, low pressures are commonly encountered, with the
concomitant possibility of cavitation occurring within the pump.

Cavitation occurs when the liquid pressure at a given location is reduced to the vapor
pressure of the liquid.

When this occurs, vapor bubbles form (the liquid starts to “boil”); this phenomenon
can cause a loss in efficiency as well as structural damage to the pump.

Difference between the total head on the suction side, near the pump impeller inlet, and the liquid
vapor pressure head
 NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD

There are actually two values of NPSH of interest.

The first is the required NPSH, denoted NPSHR, that must be maintained, or exceeded, so that
cavitation will not occur – Normally measured experimentally
 NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
The second value for NPSH of concern is the available NPSH, denoted by NPSH A which
represents the head that actually occurs for the particular flow system.

This value can be determined experimentally, or calculated if the system parameters are
known

Use Absolute
Pressures for
Calculations
 SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS & PUMP SELECTION

where K depends on the pipe sizes and lengths, friction factors, and minor loss coefficients.
SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS & PUMP SELECTION
PUMPS IN SERIES & PARALLEL
DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETRES & SIMILARITY LAWS

Head Rise Coefficient

Power Coefficient

Efficiency

Flow Coefficient
 DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETRES & SIMILARITY LAWS
If two pumps from the family are operated at the same value of flow coefficient, i.e.

It follows that
Also remember;

With these so-called pump scaling laws it is possible to experimentally determine the performance characteristics of
one pump in the laboratory and then use these data to predict the corresponding characteristics for other pumps within
the family under different operating conditions.
 SPECIAL PUMP SCALING LAWS
  Two Special Similitude Cases

Case No 1 – When D1 = D2

What this means is that we are interested in how a change in the operating speed, , for a given pump, affects pump
characteristics.
 SPECIAL PUMP SCALING LAWS
 
Case No 2 – When 1 = 2

We are interested in how a change in the impeller diameter, D, of a geometrically similar family of pumps, operating
at a given speed,
 SPECIAL PUMP SCALING LAWS
PUMP AFFINITY LAWS

1. IMPELLER SIZE – 20 percent rule

2. VISCOSITY

3. SURFACE ROUGHNESS

4. EFFICIENCY’S RELATION WITH SIZE

 SPECIFIC SPEED

For any pump it is customary to specify a value of specific speed at the flow coefficient corresponding to
peak efficiency only.

For pumps with low Q and high ha the specific speed is low compared to a pump with high Q and low ha.
Centrifugal pumps typically are low-capacity, high-head pumps, and therefore have low specific speeds

  Nsd = 2733 Ns

When is expressed in radians/sec

SUCTION SPECIFIC SPEED

  Ssd = 2733 Ss

When is expressed in radians/sec

IMPULSE TURBINE