GRAPHENE

Presented by
M C ABINAYA
2017303501
  Graphene is an allotrope of carbon

 It consists of only a single layer of carbon atom

 Graphene is the basic structural element of 3-D carbon

allotropes namely graphite, carbon nanotubes, etc.
Introduction
 It is lightest and strongest material discovered.

 Though only an atom thick, it is considered to be 200

times stronger than steel.
  Graphene has been produced
by mankind unknowingly in
small quantities through the
production of pencils and
other applications of
graphite.
 The material was later
History of rediscovered, isolated, and
characterized in 2004 by
Graphene Andre Geim and Konstantin
Novoselov at the University
of Manchester.
 They were awarded the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010
for their research on the
material.
  It consists of a single layer of
carbon atoms arranged in a
two-dimensional honeycomb
lattice.

 It has a large regular

arrangement of carbon
Structure of atoms joined by strong
covalent bonds.
Graphene
 Each carbon atom is bonded
covalently (sp2 hybridized) to
three other carbon atoms in a
hexagonal arrangement,
leaving one free electron for
each carbon atom.
  Graphene is a zero overlap
semi-metal.
 In graphene both holes and
electrons act as charge
carriers.
 There is no band gap
between valence and
conduction band.
Electronic  Hence there is resistance for
properties the flow of electrons through
graphene
 Electrons travel at the speed
of one hundredth that of the
light.
 Thus the electrical
conductivity is very high for
graphene.
  Graphene is the strongest material ever discovered.

 The reason for great strength is due to its highly regular

arrangement joined by covalent bonds.

 It has an ultimate tensile strength of 130,000,000,000 Pascals.

Mechanical
Properties  Graphene also has impressive elastic properties, capable of
regaining its initial size after strain tensile strength 50-60 Gpa.
  Though an atom thick it is
still visible to naked eye.

 A single layer of graphene

can absorb 2.3% of light and
transmits 97.7% of light and
Optical reflects 0.1%light.
properties
 Graphene can absorb
radiation from many
different regions in the
electromagnetic spectrum
due to its band structure, lack
of a bandgap.
  Chemical properties of graphene usually depends on the substrate
it is mounted on.

 When that material underneath is silicon dioxide, the graphene

can readily become “functionalized” when exposed to certain
Chemical chemicals.

Properties
 But when graphene sits on boron nitride, it hardly reacts at all to
the same chemicals.
Production

1) Mechanical
Exfoliation

Disadvantages
1) The graphene obtained is defective.
2) Ineffective for large scale graphene production.
 Graphite

Hummers and Offeman process

Graphite oxide
Disadvantages
2)Chemical Thermal Exfoliation 1) Due to usage of Chemicals, the
graphene suffers toxicity
Exfoliation Graphene Oxide 2) Usage of Hydrazine Incorporates
Nitrogen impurities.
Chemical reduction
using Hydrazine

Graphene
 1

Chemical
Vapor
Deposition
2
  Graphene will soon be used commercially in touch screens liquid
crystal displays (LCD) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
replacing currently used Indium Tin Oxide.
 Graphene can be used for producing foldable phones.
 Graphene can be used in hard drives with capacity a million times
greater than what we use today.
 Graphene transistors can increase computer speed to thousand
Applications times faster than current technology.
• Graphene is strong enough to stop a bullet, hence can be used to
make military protective equipment such as vests, gloves etc.
  Graphene enhanced Li-ion batteries when compared to Li ion
battery is fast charging, will have higher capacity, longer lifespan,
and is also extremely light and flexible.

 Graphene can also detect cancer cells in the early stages of the
disease. Moreover, it can stop them from growing any further in
many by intervening in the formation of the tumor.
Applications
 Graphene dioxide can be used in solar panels and is found to
release multiple electrons per photon that hits the panel.

 Graphene can be used as membranes for desalination of salt

water.
  The thinnest and strongest material ever found in the world.
 Has a wide range of applications.
 Has the potential to revolutionize electronic technology.
Advantages  It is the best conductor of heat and electricity.
 Environmental friendly
  The major drawback of Graphene is its production is very
expensive and tedious
 Graphene is an amazing conductor with no bandgap, this means
that it cannot be switched off.
 Large scale production of defect less graphene sheet is not
entirely possible.
Disadvantages  Toxic chemicals are used at high temperatures to produce
graphene. Because of this graphene show signs of some
poisonous qualities.
 Graphene of size below 20 nm is unstable.
 Graphene is very messy stuff.
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