FLUID MECHANICS-II

PRESENTATION
• PRESENTED BY:
• ZAIN TAHIR (18005134019)

• PRESENTED TO:
• ENGR. HASSAN ARSHAD
DRAFT TUBE
 INTRODUCTION OF DRAFT TUBE
• DRAFT TUBE IS USED TO INCREASE THE PRESSURE FROM THE LOW
TURBINE EXIT PRESSURE TO THE PRESSURE OF THE SURROUNDING
TO WHICH THE FLUID IS REJECTED.
• THE DRAFT TUBE IS PIPE OF GRADUALLY INCREASING AREA WHICH
CONNECTS THE OUTLET OF THE RUNNER TO THE TAIL RACE. IT IS
USED TO DISCHARGING WATER FROM THE EXIT OF THE TURBINE TO
THE TAIL RACE. THIS PIPE OF GRADUALLY INCREASING AREA IS
CALLED DRAFT TUBE. 
 PURPOSES OF DRAFT TUBE
• IT PERMITS A NEGATIVE HEAD TO BE ESTABLISHED AT THE OUTLET
OF THE RUNNER AND THEREBY INCREASE THE NET HEAD ON THE
TURBINE. THE TURBINE MAY BE PLACED ABOVE THE TAIL RACE
WITH OUT ANY LOSS OF NET HEAD AND HENCE TURBINE MAY BE
INSPECTED PROPERLY
• IT CONVERTS A LARGE PROPORTION OF THE KINETIC ENERGY(V2
2/2G) REJECTED AT THE OUTLET OF THE TURBINE INTO USEFUL
PRESSURE ENERGY. WITHOUT THE DRAFT TUBE, THE KINETIC
ENERGY REJECTED AT THE OUTLET OF THE TURBINE WILL GO
WASTE TO THE TAIL RACE.
 PURPOSES OF DRAFT TUBE
• HENCE BY USING DRAFT TUBE, THE NET HEAD ON THE TURBINE
INCREASES. THE TURBINE DEVELOPED MORE POWER AND ALSO
THE EFFICIENCY OF THE TURBINE INCREASES. IF A REACTION
TURBINE IS NOT FITTED WITH A DRAFT TUBE, THE PRESSURE AT
THE OUTLET OF THE RUNNER WILL BE EQUAL TO ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE. THE WATER FROM THE OUTLET OF THE RUNNER WILL
DISCHARGE FREELY INTO THE TAIL RACE. THE NET HEAD ON THE
TURBINE WILL BE LESS THAN THAT OF REACTION TURBINE FITTED
WITH A DRAFT TUBE. ALSO WITHOUT THE DRAFT TUBE, THE
KINETIC ENERGY REJECTED AT THE OUTLET OF THE TURBINE WILL
GO WASTE TO THE TAIL RACE.
 TYPES OF DRAFT TUBE

• 1. CONICAL DIFFUSER OR STRAIGHT DIVERGENT TUBE: THIS TYPE OF DRAFT

TUBE CONSISTS OF A CONICAL DIFFUSER WITH HALF ANGLE GENERALLY LESS
THAN EQUAL TO 10° TO PREVENT FLOW SEPARATION. IT IS USUALLY EMPLOYED
FOR LOW SPECIFIC SPEED, VERTICAL SHAFT FRANCIS TURBINE. EFFICIENCY OF
THIS TYPE OF DRAFT TUBE IS 90%.
• 2. SIMPLE ELBOW TYPE DRAFT TUBE: IT CONSISTS OF AN EXTENDED ELBOW
TYPE TUBE. GENERALLY, USED WHEN TURBINE HAS TO BE PLACED CLOSE TO
THE TAIL-RACE. IT HELPS TO CUT DOWN THE COST OF EXCAVATION AND THE
EXIT DIAMETER SHOULD BE AS LARGE AS POSSIBLE TO RECOVER KINETIC
ENERGY AT THE OUTLET OF RUNNER. EFFICIENCY OF THIS KIND OF DRAFT TUBE
IS LESS ALMOST 60%.
 TYPES OF DRAFT TUBE
• 3. ELBOW WITH VARYING CROSS SECTION: IT IS SIMILAR TO THE
BENT DRAFT TUBE EXCEPT THE BENT PART IS OF VARYING CROSS
SECTION WITH RECTANGULAR OUTLET. THE HORIZONTAL PORTION
OF DRAFT TUBE IS GENERALLY INCLINED UPWARDS TO PREVENT
ENTRY OF AIR FROM THE EXIT END.
 EFFICIENCY
• EFFICIENCY OF DRAFT TUBE 

• ȠD = ACTUAL CONVERSION OF KINETIC ENERGY TO PRESSURE HEAT AT THE

INLET OF DRAFT TUBE.

• THEREFORE,

ȠD = (ACTUAL CONVERSION OF KINETIC ENERGY INTO PRESSURE HEAD)/(TOTAL

KINETIC ENERGY PRESENT AT INLET OF DRAFT TUBE)
 EFFICIENCY
• ACTUAL CONVERSION OF KINETIC HEAD INTO PRESSURE HEAD
 = [ ( V12 / 2G ) – ( V22 / 2G ) – HF ]

• THEORETICAL CONVERSION OF KINETIC HEAD INTO PRESSURE HEAD 

= [ ( V12 / 2G ) – ( V22 / 2G ) ]
 EFFICIENCY

• V1= VELOCITY OF WATER AT INLET OF DRAFT

TUBE
• V2= VELOCITY OF WATER AT OUTLET OF DRAFT
TUBE
• HF= LOSS OF HEAD IN THE DRAFT TUBE
Th
ank
you