Important Water Quality

Criteria and Consideration of

Water Treatment Plant Design
 Contents of Topic
 Constituents of Water
 Sources of Water and Common Water
Problems
 Surface Water Treatment Process
 Specific Water Treatment Process
 Photo Gallery
 Constituents and Contaminants in
Water
 Dissolved Minerals
 Dissolved Gases
 Turbidity and Sediment
 Color and Organic Matter
 Taste and Odor
 Microorganisms
 Constituents of Water
Contaminants / Minerals
Dissolved Minerals Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+2, Mn+2, Carbonates,
Bicarbonates, Dissolved Solids, Chlorides,
Other metallic impurities (Cu, Zn
Dissolved Gases Carbon Dioxide

Turbidity and Turbidity, Suspended Solids, Colloids

Sediments
Color and Organic Color, Refractory Organics (Insecticide, Indrin,
Matter Endrin, Lindane, Taxophene)
Taste and Odor Taste and Odor

Microorganisms Virus, Algae, Bacteria

 Impact of Impurities in water
depends on the following:
 Nature and amount of the Impurties;
 Tolerance permissible for each of these
impurities;
 The end use of the water.
Major Sources of Water Supply in the
Philippines and Common Problems
 SURFACE WATER (River, Stream)
- Suspended Solids, Turbidity
- Colloids
- Color, pH (CO2)
- Bacteria

 GROUNDWATER
- Iron and Manganese
- Taste and Odor
- Salt Water Intrusion (Chlorides)
- Hardness (Ca+2 and Mg+2)
- Sediments
- Bacteria and Microorganisms
- Organics and Heavy Metals (mining origin)
 Sludge Backwash
water
Chemical
To
Disinfection
Disinfection

Rapic Mixing Slow Mixing

Raw Tank Clarifier Filter
Tank
Water

Sludge Lagoons

Particle
Destabilization Collisions
(Physical) Solid-Liquid
(Chemical)
Separation

The Coagulation Process

Schematic Diagram of Coagulation Process – Removal of Solids

TYPICAL SURFACE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

FLOW DIAGRAM
 Pretreatment of Surface Water
Supplies
 Screening of Surface Water of General Debris
Treatment of Reservoirs for destratification
 Treatment of reservoirs for control of algae and plant
growths
(addition of Copper Sulfate )
 Pretratment of surface water for control of taste and odor
(Addition of Chemicals - prechlorination)
 Presedimentation of river waters for removal of suspended
silt load.
Coagulation, and Chemical Application
Design Considerations
Coagulation – destabilization of charge on colloids and suspended
solids, including bacteria and viruses, by a coagulant.

Purpose : Flash mixing is to quickly disperse the chemicals

Considerations: - type of coagulant to be used;

- number of chemicals to be fed and characteristics
of each;
- local conditions;
- raw water characteristics;
- type of chemical diffusers;
- available headloss;
- variations in the plant flowrate;
- cost
 Flocculation Process
Design Considerations
Flocculation – is the gentle mixing phase that follows the rapid
dispersion of coagulant by flash mixing.

Purpose : Formation of large flocs so that it can settle

Considerations: - raw water quality and flocculation

characteristics;
- treatment process and finished water quality
- available hydraulic headloss
- local conditions
- cost
 Sedimentation Process
Design Considerations
Purpose : removal a majority of the settleable solids
by gravitational settling.

Considerations: - local condition

- overall treatment process (TSS < 10 mg/L)
- configuration (circular or rectangular)
- settling velocity
- geological characteristics
- type of pretreatments
- chemical applications
- inlet and exit velocity
- method of sludge removal
- cost
 Filtration
Design Considerations
Purpose : removal of suspended solids by filtration

Considerations: - local condition

- effluent raw water quality
- type of filter (rapid sand)
- type of media
- backwashing and filter wash system
- type of pretreatments
- chemical applications
- number of filters
- cost
 Disinfection Process
Design Considerations
Purpose : to kill all growing form of pathogenic
microorganisms through the use of
chemical or ozone

Considerations: - number of organisms present

- type of disinfection system
- contact time
- dosing system
- safety and easy maintenance
- cost
Specific Water Treatment
Processes
 Water Softening
Design Considerations
Purpose : to reduce the levels of Calcium and
Magnesium up to 80 mg/L.

0 – 75 mg/L Soft Water

75-100 mg/L Moderately hard water
150-300 mg/L Hardwater
Over 300 mg/L Very hard Water

Considerations:
- type of hardness
- degree of softening
- operational convenience
- degree to which lime sludge is produced
- savings in chemical costs
 Water Softening
Design Considerations
Softening Process:
 Ion Exchange
 Electrodialysis
 Reverse Osmosis
 Distillation
Softening Process Alternatives:
 Partial Lime Softening;
 Excess Lime Softening;
 Lime-Soda Ash Softening;
 Caustic Soda Softening;
 Softening with Both Lime and Caustic Soda
 Iron and Manganes Removal
Design Considerations
Occurrence: Groundwater due to the presence of
iron ore at ground

Method :
- Oxidation* followed by Clarification and Filtration
- Ion Exchange
- Stabilization or Lime Softening

* Oxidation by Aeration, Chlorination, Chlorine Dioxide,

Potassium Permanganate, Ozonation (> 0.50 mg/L Fe)
* Ion Exchange (Zeolite Process) (< 0.50 mg/L Fe and Mn)
 Taste and Color Control Removal
Design Considerations
Occurrence: Surface Water
Causes:
- Presence of Algae
- Decayed vegetables
- Hydrogen Sulfide

Method : Prevention at the source;

Removal at the treatment plant;
Control within the distribution system
 -Ion Exchange
- Iron and Manganese
- Taste and Odor Filtration Disinfection

no specific problem

Deepwell

Schematic Groundwater Treatment Process

Flow Diagram
 Design Considerations in
Water Treatment Plant Design
 Evaluate local conditions
 Design cost effective process or system
 Apply best knowledge and skill in design
 Design plant that is simple, easy safe to construct
 Design flexible with less operation and maintenance
costs
 Locate plant that satisfies geotechnical considerations
 Consult specialists or experts when in doubts
 Project meets all pertinents legal requirements and
engineering standards
 Respect the wishes of the Owner
 Desirable Water Quality
 Deionized Water
- water from which all minerals have been
removed
PHOTO GALLERY
JAR TEST EQUIPMENT
COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION PROCESS

Source: Balara WTP

 SLUDGE REMOVAL
WEIR LAUNDER
(SEDIMENTATION TANK)
Source: Balara WTP
RAPID SAND FILTERS

Source: San Jose Del Monte WTP

DISINFECTION SYSTEM

Source: San Jose Del Monte WTP