CHEMISTRY

LECTURE
Prof. Von Anthony G. Torio
 SUBSTANCE
A pure substance is a kind of
matter that cannot be separated
into other kinds of matter by any
physical processes. (e.g. sodium
chloride and pure water)

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 ELEMENT
An element is a substance that
cannot be decomposed by any
chemical reaction into simpler
substances. (A substance whose
atoms all have the same atomic
number)
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 COMPOUND
A compound is a substance
composed of two or more
elements chemically
combined

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 MIXTURE
A mixture is a material
that can be separated by
physical means into two or
more substances

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 MIXTURE
Heterogeneous mixture – a mixture
that consists of physically distinct
parts, each with different properties.
(e.g. mixture of salt and sugar; and
mixture of potassium dichromate
and iron filings)

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 MIXTURE
Homogeneous mixture
(SOLUTION) – a mixture that is
uniform in its properties
throughout given samples. (e.g.
sodium chloride solution; air)

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 SUSPENSION
A suspension is a mixture with
particles that are larger than
100 nm; and in time, will settle

example: dusty air

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 METALS
a substance or mixture that
has a characteristic luster,
shine, and is generally a good
conductor of heat and
electricity

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 METALS
except for mercury,
metallic elements are
solids at room
temperature (about 20°C)

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 METALS
They are more or less
malleable (can be
hammered into thin
sheets) and ductile (can be
drawn into fine wires)
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 METALS
Most metals also form basic
oxides (a binary compound
with oxygen in the -2 oxidation
state) when they react with
oxygen

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 Polyatomic ion
A polyatomic ion is a group of
covalently bonded nonmetal
atoms that act like a single
atom when combining with
other atoms.

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 Ammonium Sulphate

(NH4)SO4, an inorganic salt

with a number of commercial
uses (the most common use is
as a soil fertilizer)

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 Ammonium Sulphate

It is largely used as an artificial

fertilizer for alkaline soils. In the soil,
the Sulfate ion is released and forms
bisulfate, lowering the pH balance of
the soil, while contributing essential
nitrogen for plant growth

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 Hydrochloric Acid

a solution of hydrogen chloride

in water, that is highly corrosive,
strong mineral acid that is found
naturally in gastric acid (one of
the main secretions of the
stomach).
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 Sulfur Dioxide

comes from engine exhausts and

factory chimneys (from burning
of coal). It attacks the
respiratory system in humans
and other animals. It dissolves in
rain to give acid rain.
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 Atoms

Atoms that has a tendency

to release electron have a
relatively negative valence
since electrons are
negatively charged
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 Diffusion

spread of particles
through random motion
from regions of higher
concentration to regions
of lower concentration
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 Osmosis

the movement of water molecules

across a semi-permeable membrane
from a region of high concentration
to a region of low concentration
until a state of equilibrium is
reached

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 Absorption
a physical or chemical phenomenon
or a process in which atoms,
molecules, or ions enter some bulk
phase – gas, liquid or solid.
Adsorption – molecules are taken
up by the volume, not by the
surface
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 Organic Compounds

compounds that contain

Carbon combined with
other elements such as
hydrogen, Oxygen and
Nitrogen
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 Detergents

consists of ionic and anionic surfactants

which act to remove the dirt from the
clothes, perfume, phosphors which
make clothes appear whiter, and for
powders anticaking agents to prevent
the powder from becoming one large
lump in the presence of moisture

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 Detergents

Surfactants are organic chemicals,

obtained through complex chemical
reactions, from oil or fat raw materials.
Several types of surfactants include:
soap (anionic), alkyl benzene
sulphonate (anionic), ethoxylated fatty
alcohols (non-ionic).

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 Acids and bases

Acids require bases to

neutralize.

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 CHEMISTRY

Practice Test
Prof. Von Anthony G. Torio
 Which of these characterize/s metals?
1

I. Good electrical conductors

II. They are malleable and ductile

III. They form basic oxides

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 Which of these characterize/s metals?
1

A. I only
B. I, II and III
C. I and II only
D. II and III only
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 Why do farmers and gardeners often
treat the soil with ammonium
2 sulphate?

A. It acts as a pesticide
B. It reduces the acidity of the soil.
C. It increases the oxygen content of the soils
D. It increases the nitrogen content of the soil.
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 Which of the following inorganic acids
occurring in low concentrations is
3 essential to humans but is highly
dangerous when humans are exposed
to high concentrations of it?
A. citric acid found in citrus fruits

B. lactic acid found in milk products

C. Folic acid, a form of vitamin B used to treat anemia

D. hydrochloric acid found in the stomach’s gastric juices

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 In an experiment, a drop of blue ink is
placed on the surface of a glass of water. In
a few minutes, the drop of ink is dispersed
4 throughout the water, turning it light blue.
The result of the experiment proves that
____________________.
A. heat causes the ink to disperse
B. ink molecules have less density than water molecules
a new compound is formed by the combination of ink
C. and water
molecules of ink and molecules of water are in
D. constant motion
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 Atoms which tend to give up electrons
during the process of chemical
5 combination possess
____________________.

A. neutral valence
B. positive valence
C. negative valence
D. unchanged valence
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 When molecules of ink turn a glassful
6 of water into blue, what process has
occurred?

A. solution
B. osmosis
C. diffusion
D. absorption
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 Which chemical substance/s is/are
7 contained in detergents which cause/s
the foam in stream water?

A. oil and benzene

B. phosphorus and alkyl
C. alkyl benzene sulfonate
D. phosphorus and benzene
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 Which of these characterizes organic
8 compounds?

A. they are compounds of any elements

B. they are compounds containing carbon
C. they always require electrical means to separate
D. they cannot be broken down to simpler substances

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 Which of the following is
9 heterogeneous?

A. clean air
B. kerosene
C. sea water
D. rain water
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 Why should gasoline be stored in
tightly covered narrow-mouthed
10 containers and should be placed away
from heat?

I. To reduce evaporation

II. To preserve its qualities

III. To decrease its potential as fire hazard

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 Why should gasoline be stored in
tightly covered narrow-mouthed
10 containers and should be placed away
from heat?

A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and III
D. I, II and III
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 11 Which of these statements is FALSE?

A. water is heavier than oil

B. kerosene is lighter than water

fire caused by kerosene can be put out if water is
C. poured on the fire
rain of distilled water (a pure liquid) boils at constant
D. temperature
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 Which of these does NOT belong to the
12 other three terms?

Solution colloid suspension element

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 Which of these does NOT belong to the
12 other three terms?

A. colloid
B. element
C. solution
D. suspension
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 A group of covalently bonded atoms
that acts like a single atom when
13 combining with other atoms is referred
to as ____________________.

A. ionic bonds
B. covalent ions
C. polyatomic ion
D. ionic bonded atoms
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 A suspension is a mixture in which the
disturbed particles are larger than
14 those of the solvent and in which the
particles, in time, will settle. Which of
the following is a suspension?
A. dusty air
B. salt water
C. pure gold
D. pure oxygen
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 Large quantities of Calcium carbonate
are dumped into polluted lakes to fight
15 the effects of acid rain. It is inferred
from the action that calcium carbonate
is a/an ____________________.
A. acid
B. base
C. neutral substance
D. powdered substance
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