PHYSICS (Revised - Shorter)

PHYSICS
LECTURE: Part 1
Prof. Von Anthony G. Torio
Light, Color and Seeing
Major Concepts
(1) light from the sun is
white light – composed of
the 7 major colors
(ROYGBIV)
LET Review in Physics
Major Concepts
(2) light from a source hits
an object and is perceived
by humans through the
use of their eyes
Major Concepts
(3) the eyes have a lens that
could help project an image at
the cornea of the eyes which
later is processed by the
brains
MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
Archimedes Principle
“A body partly or wholly submerged in a
fluid is buoyed up by a force equal in
magnitude to the weight of the
displaced fluid and directed upward
along a line through the center of
gravity of the displaced fluid”.
MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
Archimedes’ Principle
Buoyant force – force
experienced by objects
that are partly or wholly
submerged in a fluid
MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
canoe
A small boat.

WORK
Work is the product of parallel

Force and displacement.
(unit: Newton-meter or Joules)

WORK
Examples of work done
pushing a cart, moving a

table, and lifting a bag

WORK
Examples of NO work done
pushing a not moving

wall, carrying a bag,
looking at something
Thermodynamics
PHASE CHANGES
(1) freezing – liquid to solid
(2) melting – solid to liquid
(3) evaporation – liquid to gas
(4) condensation – gas to liquid
(5) sublimation – solid to gas, deposition: gas to solid

Thermodynamics
Major Concepts
When ice melts, its
temperature is still zero. It
will only be greater after
all the ice have melted.
Thermodynamics
Specific Heat
refers to the amount of
energy required to raise the
temperature of a kilogram of
a substance by one Kelvin.

Thermodynamics
Specific Heat
Water has a higher specific
heat than sand, which explains
the occurrence of sea breeze
and land breeze

Thermodynamics
Conductors vs Insulators of Heat
Metals are good conductors
of heat and plastics are
insulators. This explains why
materials made of metals feel
relatively colder.
Thermal Expansion
Spreading out of the particles of a

substance when its thermal
energy increases
Applications
(1) inclusion of expansion joints in
bridges to account for expansion
Thermal Expansion
Applications
(2) use of thermostats (an

automatic switching mechanism
that depends on pre-set desired
temperature)

Thermodynamics
PHASES of MATTER
SOLIDS
Has the strongest molecular
attraction among the phases of
matter. They also possess the least
kinetic Energy
Thermodynamics
PHASES of MATTER
GASES
Has the weakest molecular
attraction among the phases of
matter. They also possess the
greatest kinetic Energy
Thermodynamics
SECOND LAW
Conduction of heat happens
from a body of higher
temperature to a body of
lower temperature.

Thermodynamics
SECOND LAW
This explains why opening the
door of the refrigerator must be
limited; for the heat not to be
conducted out of it (and not for
the temperature to become
lower)
Center of Gravity
a point in an object where

it can be suspended
without tending to rotate

Conditions of Equilibrium
Torque
the quantity that measures how
effectively a force causes
acceleration
It is also the product of Force and
lever arm
Torque
The greater the lever arm, the

easier rotation takes place
This explains why doorknobs are

placed near the edge of the door
Torque
This maximizes the amount of

torque for it to be easily opened

Mirrors
Convex mirrors
Used in grocery stores

to provide a wider view

Transformers
The number of loops is directly

proportional to the voltage in a loop
V1N2 =V2N1

Metals are conductors
Lightning is a form of electrical discharge
It is thus safer to be in a
building lined with metal
when lightning strikes.
MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
Pressure
Pressure increases with depth
and decreases with altitude,
this means that at higher areas
such as mountains, the
pressure is low
Thermodynamics
Boiling vs evaporation
Boiling point is the temperature
at which the vapor pressure of
the liquid slightly exceeds the
pressure of the atmosphere
above the liquid
Thermodynamics
Evaporation takes place at
temperatures below the
boiling point, this happens at
the surface of the liquid only
Thermodynamics
in boiling, vapor forms within
the body of the liquid
as the vapor bubbles rise through
the liquid, they cause the turbulence
and seething associated with boiling
Electromagnetism
Electromagnetic Spectrum
GXUVIMR ; for V - VIBGYOR
V- Visible
G – Gamma
Infrared
X-Ray
Microwave
Ultraviolet
Radiowave
Electromagnetism
V for Visible Light
(Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green,
Yellow, Orange, and Red)
Electromagnetism
Arranged in decreasing Energy,
(and frequency) this means
that Gamma Rays are the most
energetic
Electromagnetism
Arranged in increasing
wavelength (this means that
Gamma rays have the shortest
wavelength)
WAVES
Major Concepts
A wave is a disturbance that propagates
carrying energy but not matter:
This explains why, an object in water
where waves pass would simply move
up and down.

WAVES
Major Concepts
Sound - a mechanical wave
(a wave that requires a
medium for propagation)
(Unit: decibel)
WAVES
Major Concepts
The speed of sound depends on density
sound waves move well on dense

materials, this also means that
sounds travel fastest in solids, then
liquids then gas, elasticity
7 Fundamental Quantities
M.E.T.T.A.L.L.
Mass – kilogram
Electric Current – Ampere
Temperature – Kelvin
Time – Second
Amount of Substance – mole
Length – meter
Luminous Intensity - candela

PHYSICS
Practice Test Part 1 (1 – 20)

Each of the following objects is
designed to employ the buoyancy
1 principle EXCEPT a
____________________.
A. kite
B. boat
C. canoe
D. submarine
LET Review (Physics)
Which explains why work is
2 done when blowing a
balloon?
A. The force of gravity on the balloon increases.
The balloon moves outwards as the blowing force is
B. exerted on it.
The balloon has potential energy which is changed to kinetic
C. energy
the balloon is filled with air which has weight and occupies
D. space.
Leaves are green in the sunlight
3 because
____________________.
A. their tints bounce off

B. they reflect green light
C. they absorb the green light
they absorb the blue and yellow object and yellow
D. light
4 Which of the following is true
about light and seeing?
A. light enters the eyes enabling people to see objects

light goes out from the eyes, hits an object, and then returns to
B. the eyes
light rays coming from an object meets light coming from a light
C. source and then enters the eyes
light rays coming from an object meets light coming from a light
D. source and then enters the eyes

A tray filled with ice was left on a table.
After one hour, it was observed that some
5 of the ice had changed to liquid. Which of
the following is TRUE about the
temperature of the ice and the liquid?
I. The temperature of the ice did not change
II. The temperature of the ice become higher

The temperature of water is higher than
III.
the temperature of the ice
A tray filled with ice was left on a table.
After one hour, it was observed that some
5 of the ice had changed to liquid. Which of
the following is TRUE about the
temperature of the ice and the liquid?
A II only
B I and II
C III only
D I only
A stainless steel spoon feels colder
than a plastic spoon because
6
stainless steel
____________________.
A is really colder than plastic
B has a lower temperature than plastic
C absorbs less heat from the hand than plastic does

conducts heat away from the hand faster than plastic
D does
7 Which statement is FALSE?
A the gas phase has the least kinetic energy
B solid particles have the strongest attractive forces in between

molecules of solids and liquids are more closely packed than
C those in gases
solids and liquids have more molecules per unit volume, hence
D their densities are higher

8 Which has the higher specific
capacity, water or sand?
A water
B sand
C both
D neither sand nor water
The direct transformation of
solid into the gas phase without
9
passing through the liquid
phase is called:
A evaporation
B sublimation
C compression
D freeze drying
Why is it NOT advisable to
10 repeatedly open the door of a
refrigerator?
A it leads to wastage in electrical energy

B it will loosen the hinges of the refrigerator’s door
repeated opening introduces bacteria into the refrigerator
C
the warm air outside lowers the temperature inside, thus,
D making the refrigeration less efficient

What kind of mirror is used in cars
to give the driver a wider area and
11
smaller image of the traffic behind
him/her?
A plane
B concave
C convex
D double convex
When you carry a heavy load with
one arm, you tend to hold your
12
free hand away from your body in
order to ____________________.
A change the mass of your body

B change the weight of your body and load
C be ready to grab something in case you fall
change the center of gravity of your body and
D load
The voltage across a transformer
primary coil that has 100 turns is 10 V.
13 What is the voltage across the
secondary coil which has 20 turns?
A 2V
B 10 V
C 20 V
D 100 V
Jane placed some mothballs inside her
cabinet. After a week they were all
14 gone. What happened to the
mothballs?
A they melted
B they sublimed
C they condensed
D they were dissolved by water in air
Of the states of matter, which has
15 the weakest intermolecular force of
attraction?
A gas
B solid
C liquid
D plasma
To be safe in the unlikely case of
lightning strike, it is best to be
16
inside a building framed with
____________________.
A iron
B steel
C wood
D cement
Which statements correctly
17 differentiate boiling from
evaporation?
Boiling happens at a definite temperature while evaporation can occur at any
I. temperature
Boiling happens when the vapor pressure exerted by the liquid becomes equal to the
II. atmospheric pressure, while evaporation occurs when high energy molecules at the
liquid surface continuously escape to the space above the liquid
The increase in temperature will increase the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide
III. causing the acidity of water to exceed harmful levels for aquatic plants and animals.
LET Review (Chemistry)

Which statements correctly
17 differentiate boiling from
evaporation?
A I only
B II only
C I and II
D I and III
18 Which of the following light
has the longest wavelength?
A red
B blue
C green
D yellow
What happens to the speed of
sound waves as it travels from a
19
less dense medium to a denser
medium?
A. the speed increases

B. the speed decreases
C. the speed stays the same
D. total internal reflection happens
Sound: decibel:
20
______________:_______________
A. area: square
B. capacity: hectare
C. volume: cube
D. length: meter
PHYSICS
LECTURE: Part 2
light
Light travels faster than

sound

sound
Sound travels fastest in

solids

ROT (Review of Terms)
Definition of CURRENT, RESISTANCE and VOLTAGE
Current The rate of flow of

`
charges per unit time (Unit: Ampere)
Electrical Resistance
Resistance of a material to
the flow of charges (SI unit: Ohms)
Voltage Electrical “pressure” or a
measure of electrical potential difference (SI Unit: Volts)

Definition of Capacitor, Switch and Fuse
Capacitor
Device used to store charge in a circuit
Switch
Device that cold close and open a circuit
Fuse
Electrical device that serves as a switch when
a certain maximum current is attained by the circuit

ELECTRICITY
OHM’s LAW
V = IR
ELECTRICITY
OHM’s LAW
The voltage in a circuit is

directly proportional to the
product of the Current and the
resistance of the circuit
ELECTRICITY
Power
The rate of doing work or the ratio of
energy and time
W E
P = =
t t
ELECTRICITY
Electric Power
Amount of electrical energy transformed
per unit time
VI =
P
ELECTRICITY
Load
Voltage
Connecting
SIMPLE
or BULB
source
Switch
CIRCUIT
(Resistance)
wires
(Battery)

ELECTRICITY
What happens if the switch is open?

ELECTRICITY
What happens if the switch is close?

ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS
SERIES v PARALLEL

ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS
SERIES PARALLEL
There is only one There are 2 or

complete path more paths for
for electricity electricity

ELECTRICITY
SERIES
What happens if one bulb goes out?

ELECTRICITY
PARALLEL
What happens if one bulb goes out?

ELECTRICITY
Characteristics of Circuits in SERIES
The current is the same

in all the resistances.
Voltage is divided among

the resistances

ELECTRICITY
Characteristics of Circuits in SERIES
The total resistance

(equivalent resistance) is
the sum of all the
resistances
RT = R 1 + R2

ELECTRICITY
Characteristics of Circuits in PARALLEL
Current is divided among
the resistances
Voltage is the same in all
the resistances,
meaning: same voltage
drop for all resistances
ELECTRICITY
The reciprocal of the

total resistance is the
sum of the reciprocal of
the other two
1 1 1
= +
RT R1 R2
ELECTRICITY
R1 R2
RT =
R1 + R2

What is the total resistance of two

resistors each of 2 ohms each if they are
connected in series?
4 Ohms


resistors each of 2 ohms each if they are
connected in parallel?
1 Ohm

resistors, 3 Ohms and 2 Ohms
respectively if they are connected in
series?
5 Ohms

resistors, 3 Ohms and 2 Ohms
respectively if they are connected in
parallel?
6/5 Ohms

Gaps and thermal expansion
Gaps in roads are for

thermal expansion

MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
Pascal’s Principle
“In a confined fluid,

pressure is transmitted
undiminished”
MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
Pascal’s Principle
Applications include the
hydraulic lift, squeezing a tube
of toothpaste, hydraulic brake
and others
MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
Torque
Force times lever arm.

The greater the lever arm, the
easier rotation

MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
Pressure cooker
Tightly covered which helps

elevate the boiling point of
water

Discoveries
Antoine H. Becquerel
Radioactivity
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
X-rays
Radioactivity
the spontaneous breakdown of

an unstable atomic nucleus
accompanied by the emission of
particles and rays

Nuclear fission
splitting apart of an unstable

nucleus (parent) to become a
more stable nucleus (daughter)
(e.g. fission of Uranium and

Plutonium)

Nuclear fusion
unstable light nuclei combine to

become more stable
(e.g. fusion of hydrogen nuclei to

become helium. (this is evident
with the sun)
Atomic Bombs
are powerful explosive nuclear

weapons fueled by the splitting,
or fission, of the nuclei of
specific isotopes of Uranium or
plutonium in a chain reaction

Hydrogen Bombs
a thermonuclear bomb, is a
nuclear weapon in which a
thermonuclear fusion reaction
takes place among heavy
isotopes of hydrogen (either
deuterium or tritium) to produce
an explosion
Convex lens
A converging lens

Newton’s Laws of Motion
First law (Law of Inertia)

` remain at rest
An object at rest will
and an object in motion will continue
in motion in a straight path with
constant velocity unless acted upon
by a net external force


`
Application: passengers of a jeepney
would be pushed forward after it
suddenly stops

Second law (law of acceleration)

`
the acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the Force
exerted to it and inversely to the
mass of the object

Third law (law of interaction)

`
For every action, there is an
equal but opposite
reaction.


`
Applications: walking; and
propulsion of rockets

Thermodynamics
Steam
`
Steam has greater energy per
kilogram as compared to
boiling water


` remain at rest
An object at rest will
and an object in motion will continue
in motion in a straight path with
constant velocity unless acted upon
by a net external force


`
Application: passengers of a jeepney
would be pushed forward after it
suddenly stops

Second law (law of acceleration)

`
the acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the Force
exerted to it and inversely to the
mass of the object


`
For every action, there is an
equal but opposite
reaction.


`
Applications: walking; and
propulsion of rockets

Law of Universal Gravitation
For every two objects in the

universe, there exist an
`
attractive force between them
that is directly proportional to
the product of their masses and
inversely to the square of their
separation distance
Momentum
Momentum is `the product of

mass and velocity; Thus,
objects with velocity generally
have momentum

Aluminum
Aluminum is a lightweight metal

that easily conducts heat. This
explains why it is chosen to be
used a material for containing
soda.

Radioactivity
the spontaneous breakdown of

an unstable atomic nucleus
accompanied by the emission of
particles and rays

ELECTROMAGNETISM
MAGNETS HAVE NORTH AND SOUTH POLE
N S
LIKE POLES REPEL AND UNLIKE POLES ATTRACT
N S N S
N S S N

ELECTROMAGNETISM
An Electromagnet
A coil of wire wound around an iron core. (It could be
an air core in which case it would be called a solenoid)
When the wire is connected to a DC source, the
electromagnet is energized and it behaves like a
permanent magnet
The polarity of the magnet follows that of the right
hand rule.

ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY
Energy possessed by moving objects
KE = (1/2)(mv2)
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Energy possessed by objects due to its
position, nature and composition
ENERGY
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
Energy possessed by objects that

depends upon, mass, gravity and
distance from the ground

PHYSICS
Practice Test Part 2
In which of the following
21 medium would sound waves
travel the fastest?
A. gases
B. solids
C. liquids
D. vibrating objects
Why do we hear thunder
22 some seconds after seeing
lightning?
A. sound travels 1,331 m/s
B. light travels faster than sound
C. sound is released later actually
D. light appears brighter in the sky
In a series circuit, how many
23 complete pathways of
electricity are produced?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 1
D. depends on the number of bulbs
Blocks of asphalt roads are left with
24 a narrow gap in-between them in
order to ____________________.
A. make roads with equal blocks and gaps

B. hold extra dust and small particles of sand
C. serve as passage of water during rainy days
D. give allowance for expansion during hot days
Which of these use the principle
25 that pressure is transmitted equally
in all directions in a liquid?
A. hydraulic devices
B. stoppered devices
C. buoyed appliances
D. Fluid-operated crane
Why are doorknobs placed at
26 the edge of a door rather than
in the center?
A. to increase the lever arm

B. to increase the force on the door
C. it is closer to the edge of the doorway
D. to help give more momentum to the door
What is the reason why a
27
pressure cooker cooks faster?
I. water boils faster

II. It raises the boiling point of water
III It raises the cooking temperature of food
.IV It is tightly closed
.LET Review (Physics)
What is the reason why a
27
pressure cooker cooks faster?
A. II and III
B. II and IV
C. I, II and III
D. I, II and IV
Antoine H. Becquerel defined this
phenomenon as the spontaneous
28
disintegration of the nucleus of an
atom. Which is this phenomenon?
A. fusion
B. fission
C. radioactivity
D. bombardment of atom
The atomic bomb releases a
tremendous amount of energy
29
through
____________________.
A. fusion
B. fission
C. thermonuclear chain
D. combination of light atoms
An object weighs 30 N on earth. A
second object weighs 30 N on the
30
moon. Which of the two objects
has the greater mass?
A. the one on earth

B. the one on the moon
C. cannot be determined
D. they have the same mass
What happens to the speed of a
31 light ray as it passes from water
to air?
A. increases
B. decreases
C. remains the same
D. increases then decreases
Light that passes through a
32 convex lens
____________________.
A. diverges
B. disperses
C. converges
D. is reflected
The propulsion of jets and
33 rockets is based on Newton’s
____________________.
A. law of inertia
B. law of interaction
C. gravitational theory
D. law of acceleration
Which has more mass, a
34 kilogram of feathers or a
kilogram of iron?
A. iron
B. feather
C. both have the same mass
D. cannot be determined
What do users of electricity pay
35
for?
A. electrical energy used

B. Electrical power consumed
C. time for using the electricity
D. current through the appliances
Which law of motion explains
36 what happens every time we
walk?
A. inertia
B. interaction
C. acceleration
D. universal gravitation
The tremendous energy of the
37 sun is produced through atomic
____________________.
A. fusion
B. fission
C. radiation
D. disintegration
The force required to maintain
an object at a constant speed in
38
free space is
____________________.
A. zero
B. mass of the object
C. weight of the object
D. force required to stop it
Steam burns are more
damaging than burns caused by
39
boiling water because steam
____________________.
A. is vapor of water molecules during boiling
B. has a higher temperature than boiling water
C. occupies more space than water during boiling
has more energy per kilogram than boiling
D. water
Riders in a bus are pushed
forward during a sudden stop.
40
Which law of motion provides
an explanation?
A. Hooke’s law
B. law of Inertia
C. Law of Interaction
D. law of Universal Gravitation

PHYSICS (Revised - Shorter)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PHYSICS (Revised - Shorter)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PHYSICS

LET Review in Physics

Work is the product of parallel

(unit: Newton-meter or Joules)

LET Review in Physics

Examples of work done

pushing a cart, moving a

LET Review in Physics

Examples of NO work done

pushing a not moving

LET Review in Physics

LET Review in Physics

LET Review in Physics

Spreading out of the particles of a

(2) use of thermostats (an

LET Review in Physics

LET Review in Physics

a point in an object where

LET Review in Physics

The greater the lever arm, the

This explains why doorknobs are

This maximizes the amount of

LET Review in Physics

Used in grocery stores

LET Review in Physics

The number of loops is directly

LET Review in Physics

Lightning is a form of electrical discharge

LET Review in Physics

sound waves move well on dense

LET Review in Physics

Prof. Von Anthony G. Torio

A. their tints bounce off

A. light enters the eyes enabling people to see objects

LET Review (Physics)

I. The temperature of the ice did not change

II. The temperature of the ice become higher

A is really colder than plastic

B has a lower temperature than plastic

C absorbs less heat from the hand than plastic does

A the gas phase has the least kinetic energy

B solid particles have the strongest attractive forces in between

LET Review (Physics)

A it leads to wastage in electrical energy

LET Review (Physics)

A change the mass of your body

LET Review (Chemistry)

A. the speed increases

Light travels faster than

LET Review in Physics

Sound travels fastest in

LET Review in Physics

Current The rate of flow of

LET Review in Physics

LET Review in Physics

The voltage in a circuit is

LET Review in Physics

LET Review in Physics

LET Review in Physics

LET Review in Physics

There is only one There are 2 or

LET Review in Physics

LET Review in Physics