Nerve and muscle

Dr. Kainat
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Brain Spinal Autonomic Somatic

Cord nervous system nervous system

Sympathetic Parasympatheti
nervous system c nervous
system
Neuron
• Structural and functional unit of nervous system
• nucleus and most organelles in cytoplasm
• Different from other cells:
I. dendrites and Axon
II. Have nissl granules and axon hillock
III. Contain and secrete neurotransmitter
Structure and Function of neuron
Refractory period:
After action potential is generated it is impossible to cause
that part of nerve to fire again

Types:
a. Absolute refractory period (depolarization + repolarization)
• last from start of action potential to resting value
• Na+ pump open and inactivated than K+ pump opens

b. Relative refractory period (hyperpolarization)

• where absolute refractory period end to to the end of
• hyper polarization. Some K+ pump open
• much stronger signal to induce new responses
Action Potentials (AP’s)
• AP’s are the result of time and voltage dependent
changes in ionic permeability of excitable cells (i.e.
neurons).
• AP’s are ALL-OR-NOTHING events. A stronger
stimulus only increases the frequency of firing.
Phases of Action Potentials
1. Slow depolarization to
threshold
2. Rapid depolarization due to
opening of voltage
dependent Na+ channels
leading to Na+ influx
(Hodgkin Cycle!)
3. Repolarization due to
increased K+ conductance
leading to K+ efflux
4. Hyperpolarization
(refractory period)
5. Resting membrane potential
Accomodation:

The property of a nerve by which it adjusts to a slowly

increasing strength of stimulus, so that its threshold of
excitation is greater than it would be were the stimulus
strength to have risen more rapidly