Group Presentation

Names: ID:s
• Sajeel Ahmad F2019132041
• Nadeem Awan F2019132048
• Hamza Siddidui F2019132077
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University of Management and Technology
 Traverse
A series of connecting lines is called as traverse and it makes
to join station points or bench points.
Types of Traverse
• Open traverse
• Closed traverse

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•Open traverse:
When the first and last point of a traverse are not meeting. The
traverse is open traverse.

•Closed Traverse:
When the first and last point of a traverse are meeting. the traverse is
called closed traverse.

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 RANGING
When a survey line is longer than the chain length, it is necessary to align
intermediate points on the chain line.
• Process of locating intermediate points on survey line is known as
RANGING.
The intermediate points are located by;
Ranging Rods

Offset Rods

Ranging Poles
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Apparatus used in ranging
Following are the apparatuses used in Ranging

• Fibre Glass tape

• Ranging rods

• Wooden Hammer

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 Types of Ranging
There are two types of Ranging
• Direct ranging
• Indirect ranging or Reciprocal ranging

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Direct Ranging
This type of ranging is conducted when the intermediate points are
intervisible.
Direct ranging can be performed with the help of
• Eye.
• Ranging by line ranger.

• Ranging rods are erected vertically beyond each end of the survey line.

Surveyor stands 2m beyond ranging rods

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Conti…
• The surveyor directs the assistant to move the rod to the left or right
until the three ranging rods appear to be in a straight vertical line.
• Minimum three ranging rods can be used in ranging process.
• To avoid errors due to ranging rods not being vertical the lower end of the
rod are cited for alignment

Ranging by line ranger

• It is a small reflecting instrument used for ranging long lines when its
difficult to move to other end.
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• It consists of two right angle isosceles triangular prisms placed one above the
other.
• The surveyor takes approximation position of the intermediate station say ‘P’
with face at right angles to the line with the instrument held near level of the
eye
• The rays of the light from A point enter to upper prism and after reflection
from the hypotenuse enter the eye at right angles to line AB.

• Similarly rays from B enter to lower prism and after reflection from
hypotenuse are also seen by same eye.
• Thus images of rods A and B seen directly in upper and lover prisms
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Conti…
• The observer will continue to move forward and backward at right angles to
line AB until both the images coincide exactly.

• Shown in the following figure

• The required point P is vertically below the centre of the instrument.

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Indirect ranging

• Indirect Ranging is possible when the ends of a line are not inter-visible.

• In the case when a hill ground or when the distance between the
stations are so large that they are not clearly inter-visible.

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Process of indirect ranging
At M1 and N1 two surveyors stay with ranging rods. The person standing at M1 directs
the person at N1 to move to a new position N2 as shown in the figure. N2 must be
inline with M1B.
Next, a person at N2 directs the person at M1 to move to a position M2 such that it is
inline with N2A. Hence, the two persons are in points are M2 and N2.
The process is repeated until the points M and N are in the survey line AB. Finally, it
reaches a situation where the person standing at M finds the person standing at N in
line with NA and vice versa. Once M and N are fixed, other points are fixed by direct
ranging.

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 THANKS 

ANY QUESTIONS???
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