Atomic Structure

1
Stepwise Timeline of Atomic
Theory

Dalton Rutherford
1803 1911 Modern Theory
Thomson Bohr Chadwick
1897 1913 1932
 Democritus
~ 460 B.C. to 360 B.C.
Who
Greek Philosopher
What
•Atoms cannot be
created, destroyed or
divided.
How
•Observing nature
3
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• Who
• John Dalton (1766-1844),
an English schoolteacher
and chemist
• What
• proposed his atomic
theory of matter in 1803.
– Although his theory has been
modified slightly to
accommodate new discoveries,
Dalton’s theory was so
insightful that it has remained
essentially intact up to the
present time.
 Dalton
• What
• Atoms Cannot be created or destroyed.
1) All atoms of one element are exactly
alike, (same size, mass, properties) but
different from atoms of other elements
2) Combine in whole number ratios to form
compounds.
• How-
working with gases
5
 J.J. Thomson -1903
• Who
• a British physicist.
• What
• Plum Pudding model
(or Chocolate Chip
Cookie model)
* Discovered electrons
Model
–Atom was a positively
charged sphere with
negative electrons in it POSITIVE CHARGE
like chips ELECTRONS
6
 J. J. Thomson
• How
• discovered that
cathode rays are made
up of invisible,
negatively charged
particles referred to as
electrons.
• http://tinyurl.com/cathod
ert
 Ernest Rutherford

• Who • What
• British chemist • Found nucleus (1911)
and physicist. • Occupies a small volume
of the atom
• Contains almost all the
mass of the atom
• Electrons orbit around
nucleus
• Discovered proton
 Ernest Rutherford
• How
• Gold Foil Experiment
Alpha particles which are
positively charged pass
through unmolested most of
the time.

Occasionally they would

bounce off when they hit
something (proton) that was
also positively charged.
Niels Bohr - 1913 • What
• Who • Planetary Model
• Danish Physicist – Electrons (e-) have
definite path around
the nucleus (orbit)
– e- arranged around the
nucleus according to
energy level
– e- with lowest energy
level are closest to
nucleus
• How
• Spectral emission lines
 Chadwick

• What
Who • Discovered the
British Scientist neutron in 1932

• How
• Used alpha
particles
 Modern Atomic Theory
1. All matter is made up of very tiny particles called
atoms.
2. Atoms of the same element are chemically alike.
3. Individual atoms of an element may not all have
the same mass. However, the atoms of an
element have a definite average mass that is
characteristic of the element.
4. Atoms of different elements have different
average masses.
5. Atoms are not subdivided, created, or destroyed
in chemical reactions.

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 Atom and Element
• Element - a substance that is composed of a
single type of atom.
• Atom - the smallest particle of an element
that retains the properties of that element.
– The diameter of an atom is measured in nanometers
– 1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m = 0.000000001 m
• Atoms are composed of sub-atomic particles.

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 Proton
• Discovered by Ernest Rutherford in early
1900’s
• Determines the identity of an atom
• Relative mass of 1 atomic mass unit
• Part of the nucleus of an atom
• Positive charge

• If you change only the # of protons, you change

the element being described.
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 Neutron

• Discovered by James Chadwick in 1932

• Determines the isotope of an atom
• Relative mass of 1 atomic mass unit
• Part of the nucleus of an atom
• No charge (neutral)

If you change only the # of neutrons, you

have a new isotope (variety) of the element .

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 Changing the number of
neutrons
• Creates ISOTOPES -
– Atoms of the same element but
with a different number of
neutrons.

• Isotopes of an element have nearly

identical chemical properties
16
 Electron
• Discovered by J. J. Thomson in 1903
• Determines the charge of an atom
(charged atoms are called ions)
• Relative mass of 0 (~1/1836) a.m.u.
(atomic mass unit)
• Make up the electron cloud of an atom
• Negative charge

17
 Changing the number of
electrons

• When an atom loses electrons, it

results in a net positive charge and
is called a CATION

• ions are I itive

18
 Example of a cation
Neutral potassium (K) has 19 protons and 19
electrons.
19 protons = +19
19 electrons = -19
0
If potassium (K) loses an electron, it only has 18
electrons.
19 protons = +19
18electrons = -18
+1
This is written as K+1 and is called a cation 19
 Changing the number of
electrons

• When an atom gains electrons, it

results in a net negative charge and
is called an ANION

20
 Example of an anion
Neutral bromine (Br) has 35 protons and 35 electrons.

35 protons = +35
35 electrons = -35
0
If bromine (Br) gains an electron, it has 36 electrons.

35 protons = +35
36 electrons = -36
-1
This is written as Br -1 and is called an anion 21
Lo
st
el ct ron
ec ele
tro i n ed
n Ga

cation anion 22
 Describing an atom

• ATOMIC NUMBER
• Equals the number of protons in an element.
• In a neutral atom, the atomic number also equals the
number of electrons.

• All atoms of the same element have the same

number of protons.

• The smaller of the two numbers in the periodic table square

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• always a whole number
 Describing an atom

• ATOMIC MASS
• A weighted average of the mass of all
the isotopes (varieties) of an atom
• Each element has only one atomic mass
• Also called “average atomic mass”
• The larger of the two numbers in the periodic table
square
• Always a decimal number 24
 Describing an atom
• MASS NUMBER
Equals the # protons + # neutrons
in an atom

•Not always the same for atoms of an element

 isotopes

•Not listed on the periodic table

•Always a whole number

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 APE MAN
A = Atomic Number
P = Number of Protons Always the
same number in
E = Number of Electrons a neutral
atom
M= Mass number
A = Atomic Number (again)
N = Number of Neutrons
Mass Number minus
Atomic number
equals Number of
neutrons
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Choose all that apply: E (electron), P (proton), N (neutron)

•Has a negative charge

•The number of these changes in isotopes

•Located in the nucleus

•The number of these changes when ions are formed

•Has a mass of about 1 amu

•Has relatively no mass

•Has no charge

•Has a positive charge

•Included in the mass number

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 Isotope Notation
mass number

C
12
element
6
symbol

atomic number

28
 Isotope Name
• name of the element - mass number

• Example: Carbon -14

is the isotope name for a carbon atom
with a mass number of 14

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 Isotope Notation
mass number

C
14
element
6
symbol

atomic number

number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number.

How many protons and neutrons in this isotope?

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Isotope Isotope Atomic Mass # # of # of # of e-
notation name number p+ no

Silicon - 14 18

Helium - 4

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 Calculating (Average)Atomic Mass
• To determine the atomic mass you must know
what percent of each isotope of the element is
found in nature.

• This is called the relative abundance.

Example: There are 2 common isotopes of Chlorine.

25% is chlorine – 37 75% is chlorine – 35

Calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine.

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33
 Average Atomic Mass
Neon in nature is
90.5% Neon-20,
0.3% Neon-21,
9.2% Neon-22.

What is the average atomic mass of

Neon?

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 Uranium has three common isotopes.
What is the average atomic mass of uranium if the
abundance of 234U is 0.01%,
the abundance of 235U is 0.71%,
and the abundance of 238U is 99.28%?

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 Titanium has five common isotopes:
46Ti (8.0%)

47Ti (7.8%)

8Ti (73.4%)

49Ti (5.5%)

50Ti (5.3%)

What is the average atomic mass of titanium?

 

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 Explaining the trends
Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff)
The relative attraction the valence electrons
have for the Protons in the nucleus.

Electron Shielding Effect-

Inner shell electrons blocking
valence electrons 
from the positively charged nucleus

Watch this video

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38
 Atomic Radius

Atomic radius:
• half
the distance between
the centers of two atoms,
measured in angstroms
(1x10-10 m). 39
 Atomic Radius Trend

• Atomic radius increases as you move down a group

• Atomic radius decreases as you move from left to right in a period

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41
 Atomic Radius Trend

Across the period, the number of

protons increases while the number of
shielding electrons stays the same.
(Zeff increases)

This make the nucleus pull in the

valence electrons.

That makes for a smaller atom. 42

 Ionic Radius

• Half the distance between the

centers of two ions
(IR)

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Ionic Radius

Metals lose electrons to form cations

Li Li+

Ionic radius is smaller than atomic radius

because an energy level is lost or “shed”

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Nonmetals gain electrons to form anions

F-
F

Ionic radius is larger than atomic

radius because the electrons
outnumber the protons.
The nucleus has less control of the
valence electrons.
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 REACTIONS
CHEMICAL NUCLEAR
• involve the transfer or • involve the absorption or
sharing of electrons emission of particles by
the nucleus of an atom

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 Nuclear Chemistry Vocabulary
• Nuclide- General name
given to the nucleus of
an atom

Parent nuclide- initial

nucleus

Daughter nuclide- the

nucleus after the decay
has occurred
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 Nuclear Chemistry Vocabulary
• Radiation - energy that is emitted from a source and
travels through space.

– Ionizing Radiation- Has enough energy to change

atoms and molecules into ions; examples: X-rays and
gamma rays.
– Nonionizing Radiation- Does not have enough
energy to ionize matter; examples: radio waves,
microwaves
– Accidentally discovered by Henri Becquerel in 1896
when he was performing a lab with fluorescent
screens.
– Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of
radiation from the nucleus of an atom.
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 Types of Ionizing Radiation
Symbol Charge Penetrating Ability Size

4 Limited ability to pass

Alpha 2 He positive Big
(deflected by a through matter.
or4 magnet) (can be stopped by paper)

0 2 negative Can penetrate better Small

Beta e
1
than alpha
formed
or (deflected by a
when a -1 magnet)
(can be stopped by a few mm of Al)
neutron
splits


Gamma Neutral Penetrates the farthest. nothing

(several cm of lead or a larger layer

(is not
of concrete will block )
deflected by a
magnet)
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• Reference Materials

50
51
penetrating ability

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53
 Why decay happens?
– To become more stable.

– Large atoms are stable when the neutron to

proton ratio is 1.5 : 1

– Decay happens when the neutron to proton

ratio is too high.

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Alpha decay

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 Alpha Decay
• Occurs when an alpha particle leaves the
nucleus
- alpha particle = Helium nucleus
– Parent  daughter: mass decreases by 4 and
atomic number decreases by 2
Example: Thorium-230 undergoes alpha decay.
Write the decay reaction.

230Th ------> 4He + Ra

226
90 2 88
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 Alpha decay practice
Write the decay reaction for alpha decay of Uranium-238.

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Alpha decay practice

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Beta decay

Ac +

59
 Beta Decay
0
• occurs when a beta particlee 1is
emitted from
the nucleus
• Parent  daughter: equal mass but atomic
number increases by 1.
• a neutron becomes a proton.
Example: Carbon-14 undergoes beta decay.
Write the decay reaction.

14
C -----> e0 + 14
N
6 1 7 60
 Beta decay practice
Write the decay reaction showing beta
decay of Thorium-234.

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Beta decay practice

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Fission and Fusion

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 Fission Reaction
• Nuclear reaction
• Splitting an atom’s nucleus
• Releases energy
• Alpha, beta are examples
• Used in nuclear reactors
• Causes a chain reaction
• Problem: produce radioactive waste;
storage of fuel is dangerous
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65
chain reaction

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 Fusion
• Nuclear reaction
• Two light nuclei are combined to form one
heavier more stable nuclei
• Energy is released
• this is how stars are fueled

• Problem with using on Earth: requires

EXTREMELY high temps and high pressure

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68
fusion in the sun

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How come the protons hang out
with each other?
The charge of a proton is positive. It is
repelled by other protons. So, how do the
protons stay in the nucleus? Shouldn’t they
want to avoid each other?

The answer is that a Strong Nuclear Force

exists, which is a very strong, but short
range, force between quarks that keep the
nucleus together by overcoming the
repulsion between the protons.
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