Chemicals

treatment in the

water plants.
‫حي أفال يؤمنون"‬
‫"وجعلنا من الماء كل ّ شيء ّ‬
‫األنبياء ‪30‬‬
THE CHEMISTRY OF WATER
 Introduction:
• Without water, there would be no
oceans, no lakes, no rivers, no rain, no
snow, no hail, no clouds, no polar ice
caps, no Jolt cola, nothing to drink
whatsoever, and probably no you, no
me, no anything! Water is everywhere;
it defines our planet; it is intricately
involved in just about every process
on this planet in one way or another.
• Yet how does this simple
molecule, composed merely of
two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom (hence the
chemical designation H2O) do
all the amazing things that it
does? That's what we are about
to find out.
 Some properties of water:
- It's colorless;
- It's tasteless;
- It's odorless;
- It feels wet;
- It's distinctive in sound when dripping from a faucet

- or crashing as
It dissolves a wave;
nearly everything;
- It exists in three forms: liquid, solid, gas;
- It can absorb a large amount of heat;
- It sticks together into beads or drops;
- It's part of every living organism on the planet.
I) Structure of water molecule:
• Water molecule consists of two Hydrogen
atoms combined with one Oxygen atom
H2O, (H ‫ ـــــ‬O ‫ ــــــ‬H)

The electronic configuration of Hydrogen atom: 1S1

The electronic configuration of Oxygen atom: 1S2, 2S2, 2P4

Structure of water molecule:
1S1

Hydrogen ↑

2S2 2P4

1S2 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
Oxygen ↑↓
 Structure of water molecule:
• In the oxygen atom a new molecular
orbit will be formed due to the
hybridization between 2S2 and 2P2 to
make an SP3 hybridized molecular orbit.
• The Oxygen atom will share with
2 electrons from the new
molecular orbit and each
Hydrogen atoms will share with
Oxygen atom
1 electron to form two polar
Hydrogen atom
covalent bonds. Hence the water
molecule takes the tetrahedral Fig. 1

pyramid as shown in fig.1

II) The polarity of water molecule:
• Due to the electronegativity
difference: Oxygen atom (3.5)
Hydrogen atom (2.1)
Oxygen atom attract the electrons
of the covalent bond towards it,
hence it tend to be –ve and the
hydrogen atom tend to be +ve .
 The polarity of water molecule:

• The angle between the two

oxygen atoms is 105˚ this due
to the repulsion between the
two bonds electrons and the
two lone pairs of electrons of
the oxygen atom.

•Therefore water molecule is polar.

III) Physical and chemical properties of
water:
Physical and chemical properties of
water:
Physical and chemical properties of
water:
1- The hydrogen bond:
 Unique properties of water are
due to the hydrogen bonds
*Ice floats because hydrogen bonds hold water molecules further apart in a solid
than in a liquid, where there is one less hydrogen bond per molecule.

*High heat of vaporization .

*Strong surface tension.

*High specific heat.

*Universal solvent properties of water are also due to hydrogen bonding.

*The hydrophobic effect, or the exclusion of compounds containing carbon and

hydrogen (non-polar compounds) is another unique property of water caused by
the hydrogen bonds.
2-Density and Specific Gravity
 The density of any material has an indirect
relationship with temperature but in water this
relation is abnormal !!! ?

Density Density
gm/ml gm/ml

4°C
T °C T °C
 Density and Specific Gravity
From the above diagram it is clear that the
maximum density of water is at 4°C where one
kilogram of water has a volume of one liter,
hence:

A liter is defined as the volume of 1kg of water at

4°C, Density of Water = 1.000 g/mL at 3.98°C
 3- Ice structure:

(A) (B)

The above diagram , shows :

The structure of hexagonal ice in (A)
And cubic ice in (B).
 4- Boiling Point & Melting Point of
Water:
Water has high melting and boiling points compared
with compounds of low molecular weights:

CH4 NH3 H2O HF

M.P °C -182.5 -77.6 0 -83.36
B.P °C -161.5 -33.4 100 19.5

This abnormal behavior is due to the polar characteristic of water,

which leads to the electrostatic attraction between water
molecules, which called (Hydrogen Bond).
 Hot water freezes faster than cold
water!!!
• The ability of hot water to freeze faster
than cold seems counter-intuitive as it
would seem that hot water must first
become cold water and therefore the
time required for this will always delay
its freezing relative to cold water.
However experiments show that hot
water (e.g. 90 °C) does often appear to
freeze faster than the same amount of
cold water (e.g. 18°C).
 5-Specific heat capacity of water:
• Specific heat : The amount of heat energy needed to
raise the temperature of one gram of a substance 1°C.

The specific heat of water at constant atmospheric pressure is:

6- The thermal conductivity of water
7- The electrical conductivity of
Water
 8- Surface tension:

Surface tension is the name we give to the cohesion

of water molecules at the surface of a body of water.
 9- Capillary action:
Capillary action involves two properties of water,
cohesion and adhesion.

Cohesion water's hydrogen bonds make liquid water self-

sticky. This stickiness makes water bead up more on a
surface than other substances. See Figure 3.
 Capillary action:

Adhesion of water gives it the ability to literally climb

the wall of any container it is in. The top of the water
column assumes a u-shape called a meniscus.
10- Ionization of water molecule:

H–O             +         H–O —>     H–O–H     +       H–O

|                          |                 |
     H                            H              H
                                Hydronium             Hydroxide
                                Ion                              Ion
Self Ionization of Water

            H2O –>      H+         +          OH¯

<–
                            Hydrogen          Hydroxide
                     Ion                  Ion
       
  Dissociation of Water
 Ionization of water molecule:
In all other aqueous solutions, the relative concentrations of
each of these ions are unequal. When more of one ion is
added to the solution, the concentration of the other
decreases.

The following equation describes this relationship:

[H+] [OH-] = I x 10-14 (mol/L)2 = Kw

 Ionization of water molecule:
pH of water:
 11- The Osmosis and the Osmotic
pressure: -

Osmotic pressure: of the dissolved chemical causes pure water to

pass through the membrane from the dilute to the more concentrated
solution (Figure 1 - There is a natural tendency for chemicals to reach
equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane.
V) Water in the earth and the
hydrologic cycle:
 Earth's water distribution
Between 70 and 75 percent of the Earth's surface is water-covered.
 Water volume, in Percent of
Water source
cubic miles total water

Oceans 317,000,000 97.24%

Icecaps, Glaciers 7,000,000 2.14%

Ground water 2,000,000 0.61%

Fresh-water lakes 30,000 0.009%

Inland seas 25,000 0.008%

Soil moisture 16,000 0.005%

Atmosphere 3,100 0.001%

Rivers 300 0.0001%

Total water volume 326,000,000 100%

 Earth's water: Rivers and streams
What is a river?
A river is nothing more than surface water finding its way
over land from a higher altitude to a lower altitude, all due to
gravity. When rain falls on the land, it either seeps into the
ground or becomes runoff, which flows downhill into rivers
and lakes, on its journey towards the seas. In most
landscapes the land is not perfectly flat -- it slopes downhill
in some direction. Flowing water finds its way downhill
initially as small creeks. As small creeks flow downhill they
merge to form larger streams and rivers. Rivers eventually
end up flowing into the oceans. If water flows to a place that
is surrounded by higher land on all sides, a lake will form. If
man has built a dam to hinder a river's flow, the lake that
forms is a reservoir.
 Earth's water: Runoff
When rain or snow falls onto the earth, it just
doesn't sit there -- it starts moving according
to the laws of gravity. A portion of the
precipitation seeps into the ground to
replenish Earth's ground water. Most of it
flows downhill as runoff. Runoff is extremely
important in that not only does it keep rivers
and lakes full of water, but it also changes the
landscape by the action of erosion. Flowing
water has tremendous power -- it can move
boulders and carve out canyons .
 Some definitions of runoff:
(1) That part of the precipitation, snow melt, or irrigation water that
appears in uncontrolled surface streams, rivers, drains or sewers.
Runoff may be classified according to speed of appearance after
rainfall or melting snow as direct runoff or base runoff, and
according to source as surface runoff, storm interflow, or ground-
water runoff.

(2) The sum of total discharges described in (1), above, during a

specified period of time.

(3) The depth to which a drainage area would be covered if all of

the runoff for a given period of time were uniformly distributed
over it.
Ground water: Wells
Types of wells
 Dug wells
• Hacking at the ground with a pick and
shovel is one way to dig a well. If the
ground is soft and the water table is
shallow, then dug wells can work. They
are often lined with stones to prevent
them from collapsing. They cannot be
dug much deeper than the water table -
just as you cannot dig a hole very deep
when you are at the beach... it keeps
filling up with water!
 Driven wells
• Driven wells are still common today.
They are built by driving a small-
diameter pipe into soft earth, such as
sand or gravel. A screen is usually
attached to the bottom of the pipe to
filter out sand and other particles.
Problems? They can only tap shallow
water, and because the source of the
water is so close to the surface,
contamination from surface pollutants
can occur.
 Drilled wells
• Most modern wells are drilled, which
requires a fairly complicated and
expensive drill rig. Drill rigs are often
mounted on big trucks. They use rotary
drill bits that chew away at the rock,
percussion bits that smash the rock,
or, if the ground is soft, large auger
bits. Drilled wells can be drilled more
than 1,000 feet deep. Often a pump is
placed at the bottom to push water up
to the surface.
WHY ARE THE OCEANS SALTY?

Oceans cover about 70% of the Earth's surface.

The oceans contain roughly 97% of the Earth's
water supply.