PICO

• Population : 1,422,333 single birth in Sweden between 1986-2008.

• Intervention : information of mother’s occupation, smoking habits,
age, ethnicity, leave of absence, and socioeconomic factors were
obtained from interviews performed by prenatal care unit staff at
approximately 10 weeks of gestation and from national registers.
• Comparison : this study compares between mothers characteristic
such as maternal age, smoking habits, highest completed education
level, leave of absence and occupational noise exposure. Occupational
noise exposure during pregnancy associate with hearing dysfunction in
children.
• Outcome : mothers that have occupational noise exposure more
than 85dBA during pregnancy were more likely have children with
hearing dysfunction.
 VIA
•  Validity:
• The references of this study are well-defined and using population-
based nationwide register in Sweden.
• Importance :
• To study and giving evidence about association between
occupational noise exposure during pregnancy and hearing
dysfunction in children.
• Applicability :
• This article may valuable to give the readers information about
noise exposure during pregnancy could make hearing dysfunction
in her children. So, pregnant women should not be exposed to
high level of noise at work.