Apportionment and Voting

Mathematics in the Modern World

 Voting Methods:
- Tally Chart
- Hamilton’s Method of Apportionment
What is a tally chart?
Tally chart – a table with tally marks to show
a valuable data set. It is one method of
collecting data with tally marks.

Tally marks are frequencies, occurrences, or

total numbers being measured for a specific
category in a data set.

It shows great visual representations of group

observations.
 Constructing a Tally Chart
Refer to the following data set which that determines the
preference of lunch dishes for students of BSIT Course
in CEDAR College.
A survey is collected to identify whether a student prefer
chicken, beef, pork, seafood, or vegetables for their
lunch dish.
Therefore, we construct the following table:
Tally Frequency
Chicken
Beef
Pork
Seafood
Vegetables
 Identifying the Required Data
1. We are to conclude what is the most preferred lunch
dish of students in BSIT Course of CEDAR College.
2. We are to determine how many more students in
BSIT Course of CEDAR College preferred to eat
pork than chicken.
3. We are to identify how many students in BSIT
Course of CEDAR College prefer to eat vegetables.
 Gathering the Results
There are 10 students in Tally Frequency
BSIT Course of CEDAR Chicken II 2
College, and all of them are Beef I 1
surveyed with the same
Pork III 3
statement:
Seafood II 2
A preferred Pork.
Vegetables II 2
B preferred Chicken.
C preferred Chicken. Therefore, we have the following conclusions:
D preferred Pork. Students in BSIT Course of CEDAR College
chose pork as the most preferred lunch dish.
E preferred Beef.
Of all students in BSIT Course of CEDAR
F preferred Seafood.
College, there is one more student who prefer
G preferred Vegetables. pork than chicken.
H preferred Seafood. Two students in BSIT Course of CEDAR
I preferred Vegetables. College prefer vegetables.
J preferred Pork.
 Another Example:
Four candidates are running for the position of President in a business
organization:
Toto, Bobot, Dodong, and Noknok
1. We are to conclude who got the highest number of votes.
2. We are to determine how many less votes Dodong got than Noknok.
3. We are to identify how many votes Noknok got.
T N B N T
B N D T T
D N N B D
T T B T T

Tally Frequency
Toto IIIII-III 8
Bobot IIII 4
Dodong III 3
Noknok IIIII- 5
What is apportionment?
Apportionment refers to the action or result
of apportioning something.
When you apportion something, you are
divide or allocate something into its
designated assignment into which that part
belongs to.
In some instances, it is about the problem of
fairly diving resources, taking into
consideration both size and population.

Portion – an appropriate amount.

 What is Hamilton’s method of
apportionment?
The Hamilton method of apportionment is
actually a “largest-remainder” method which
allocates seats proportionally for representative
assemblies with party list voting systems. It
provides a procedure to determine how many
representatives each group/party/state should
receive. It is named after Alexander Hamilton,
who invented the largest-remainder method in
1792.
 How to use Hamilton’s method of
apportionment?
1. Determine how many people each representative should
represent. Do this by dividing the total population of all
the groups by the total number of representatives.
This answer is called the (standard) divisor.
Example: A province has four cities/provinces and there are
500 seats in the Congress.

Population   𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 =
Sagay City 10,000 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠
Cadiz City 20,000
Manapla 12,000   60,000
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟= =120
Victorias 18,000 500
TOTAL 60,000
 How to use Hamilton’s method of
apportionment?
2. Divide each community’s population by the divisor to
determine how many representative it should have.
Record this answer to around 4 decimal places.
This answer is called the quota.

  𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 =120   𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑎 =
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟

Population Quota
Sagay City 10,000 83.3333
Cadiz City 20,000 16.6667
Manapla 12,000 100.0000
Victorias 18,000 150.0000
TOTAL 60,000 500
 How to use Hamilton’s method of
apportionment?
3. Round down each quota to whole numbers (that is, cut off
their decimal parts).
This answer is called the lower quota.
Population Quota Lower Quota Final Quota
Sagay City 10,000 83.3333 83 83
Cadiz City 20,000 16.6667 16 + 1 17
Manapla 12,000 100.0000 100 100
Victorias 18,000 150.0000 150 150
TOTAL 60,000 500 499 500

4. Notice that the lower quota still has lacking seats. To resolve
this, an extra seat is provided to a city whose quota has the
largest decimal value.
 Another Example:
A mother wishes to reward her children who swept the backyard
by picking up the falling leaves. She wants to distribute 100
candies to her children according to how many leaves they have
picked.

Population Quota Lower Quota Final Quota

Dao Ming Si 58 51.7857 51 52
Hua Zi Lei 23 20.5357 20 20
Xi Men 18 16.0714 16 16
Mei Zuo 13 11.6071 11 12
TOTAL 112 100 98 100